THE UNKNOWN SOLUTION TEAM

🔰 Notes on Kinetic Theory of Gases 🔰 Kinetic Theory of Matter:- (a) Solids:- It is the type of matter which has got fixed shape and volume. The force of attraction between any two molecules of a solid is very large. (b) Liquids:- It is the type of matter which has got fixed volume but no fixed shape. Force of attraction between any two molecules is not that large as in case od solids. (c) Gases:- It is the type of matter does not have any fixed shape or any fixed volume. Ideal Gas:- A ideal gas is one which has a zero size of molecule and zero force of interaction between its molecules. Ideal Gas Equation:- A relation between the pressure, volume and temperature of an ideal gas is called ideal gas equation. PV/T = Constant or PV = nRT Here, n is the number of moles and R is the universal gas constant. Gas Constant:- (a) Universal gas constant (R):- R= P0 V0/T0 =8.311 J mol-1K-1 (b) Specific gas constant (r):- PV= (R/M) T = rT, Here, r = R/M Real Gas:-The gases which show deviation from the ideal gas behavior are called real gas. Vander wall’s equation of state for a real gas:- [P+(na/V)2?][V-nb] = nRT Here n is the number of moles of gas. Avogadro’s number (N):- Avogadro’s number (N), is the number of carbon atoms contained in 12 gram of carbon-12. N = 6.023×10^23 (a) To calculate the mass of an atom/molecule:- Mass of one atom = atomic weight (in gram)/N Mass of one molecule = molecular weight (in gram)/N (b) To calculate the number of atoms/molecules in a certain amount of substance:- Number of atoms in m gram = (N/atomic weight)×m Number of molecules in m gram = (N/molecular weight)×m (c) Size of an atom:- Volume of the atom, V = (4/3)πr3 Mass of the atom, m = A/N Here, A is the atomic weight and N is the Avogadro’s number. Radius, r =[3A/4πNρ]1/3\ Here ρ is the density. Gas laws:- Graph Between Pressure and Volume for Boyle's Law(a) Boyle’s law:- It states that the volume of a given amount of gas varies inversely as its pressure, provided its temperature is kept constant. PV = Constant (b) Charlers law or Gey Lussac’s law:- It states that volume of a given mass of a gas varies directly as its absolute temperature, provided its pressure is kept constant. Graph Between Volume and Temperature for Charles LawV/T= Constant V–V0/V0t = 1/273 = γp Here γp (=1/273) is called volume coefficient of gas at constant pressure. Volume coefficient of a gas, at constant pressure, is defined as the change in volume per unit volume per degree centigrade rise of temperature. (c) Gay Lussac’s law of pressure:- It states that pressure of a given mass of a gas varies directly as its absolute temperature provided the volume of the gas is kept constant. P/T = P0/T0 or P – P0/P0t = 1/273 = γp Here γp (=1/273) is called pressure coefficient of the gas at constant volume. Pressure coefficient of a gas, at constant volume, is defined as the change in pressure per unit pressure per degree centigrade rise of temperature. (d) Dalton’s law of partial pressures:- Partial pressure of a gas or of saturated vapors is the pressure which it would exert if contained alone in the entire confined given space. P= p1+p2+p3+…….. nRT/V = p1+p2+p3+…….. (e) Grahm’s law of diffusion:- Grahm’s law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion of gases varies inversely as the square root of the density of gases. R∝1/√ρ or R1/R2 =√ρ2/ ρ1 So, a lighter gas gets diffused quickly. (f) Avogadro’s law:- It states that under similar conditions of pressure and temperature, equal volume of all gases contain equal number of molecules. For m gram of gas, PV/T = nR = (m/M) R

✡️Notes on Atomic Physics✡️ e/m of an electron (Thomson Method):- (a) e/m of a particle is called the specific charge of the particle. e/m = v/rB Here, r is the radius of curvature, B is the strength of magnetic field, v is the velocity, e is the charge on cathode ray particle and m is the mass. (b) v = E/B Electric field:- E = V/d Photo electric effect:- Photo-electric effect is the phenomenon of emission of electrons from the surfaces of certain substances, mainly metals, when light of shorter wavelength is incident upon them. Effect of collector’s potential on photoelectric current:- (a) Presence of current for zero value potential indicates that the electrons are ejected from the surface of emitter with some energy. (b) A gradual change in the number of electrons reaching the collector due to change in its potential indicates that the electrons are ejected with a variety of velocities. (c) Current is reduced to zero for some negative potential of collector indicating that there is some upper limit to the energy of electrons emitted. (d) Current depends upon the intensity of incident light. (e) Stopping potential is independent of the intensity of light. Effect of intensity of light:- The photoelectric currentis directly proportional to theintensity of incident radiation. Effect of frequency of light:- (a) Stopping potentialdepends upon thefrequency of light. Greater the frequency of light greater is the stopping potential. (b) Saturation current is independent of frequency. (c) Threshold frequency is the minimum frequency, that capable of producing photoelectric effect. Laws of Photoelectricity:- (a) Photoelectric effect is an instantaneous process. (b) Photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light and is independent of its frequency. (c) The stopping potential and hence the maximum velocity of the electrons depends upon the frequency of incident light and is independent of its frequency. (d) The emission of electrons stops below a certain minimum frequency known as threshold frequency. Energy contained in bundle or packet:- E = hf = hc/λ Here h is the Planck’s constant and f is the frequency. Work function:- It is defined as the minimum energy required to pull an electron out from the surface of metal. It is denoted by W0. Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect:- (a) ½ mvmax2 = hf – W0 (b) ½ mvmax2 = hf – hf0 = h(f- f0) = h [c/λ – c/λ0] (c) eV0 = hf - W0 (d)V0 = [(h/e)f] – [W0/e] Here f0 is threshold frequency. Threshold frequency (f0):- f0 = work function/h = W/h Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photo electrons:- ?Kmax= ½ mvmax2 = eV0 Threshold wavelength:- λ0 = c/f0 = hc/hf0 = hc/W Slope of V0~ v graph:- Slope= h/e Rest mass of photon = 0, Charge = 0 Energy of photon:- E = hf = hc/λ Momentum of photon:- p = E/c = h/λ = hf/c Mass od photon:- m = E/c2 = h/cλ = hf/c2 For electron, λe = [12.27/√V]Å For proton, λp = [0.286/√V]Å For alpha particle, λα = [0.286/√V]Å For particle at temperature T, λ = h/√3mKT (E = 3/2 KT) The wavelength of electron accelerated by potential difference of V volts is:- λe= [12.27/√V]Å Number of photons:- (a) Number of photons per sec per m2, np = Intensity/hf (b) Number of photons incident per second, np = Power/hf (c) Number of electrons emitted per second = (efficiency per surface)× (number of photons incident per second) Compton wave length:- (a) λc = h/m0c Here h is the Planck’s constant, m0 is the rest mass of electron and c is the speed of light. (b) Change in wavelength:- λ' – λ =λc (1-cos?) de Broglie wavelength (λ):-λ = h/mv = h/√(2mE) = h/√(2meV) In accordance to Bohr’s postulate of atomic structure, the angular momentum of an electron is an integral multiple of h/2π. So, mvr = nh/2π Bragg’s diffraction law:- 2dsinθ = nλ Here λ is the wavelength of electron and d is distance between the planes. Rutherford’s atomic model (α-particle scattering):- (a) N(θ) ∝ cosec4(θ/2) (b) Impact parameter, b = [(Ze2) (cot θ/2)]/[(4πε0)E] Here, E = ½ mv2 = KE of theα particle.

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𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐆𝐎𝐃: You all should keep on studying passed questions,these one is a random question from jamb CBT 👇👇👇👇 1.The most suitable statistical diagram to show spatial distribution of production is the A. dot map B. pie chart C. divided circle D. line graph Correct Answer: *Option A✅* 2.The variable which is both a control and an element of weather and climate is A. Temperature B. Rainfall C. Air mass D. Wind Correct Answer: *Option D✅* 3. The relative dryness of the Horn Africa is due to A. The dominance of cold currents in the region B. The shape and direction of the shoreline C. Its closeness to the high ranges of East Africa D. The distance from the belt of tropical cyclones Correct Answer: *Option B✅* 4. The development of a climax vegetation in the Savannah belt of Nigeria is disturbed mainly by A. Lumbering B. Mining C. Animal Grazing D. Bush burning Correct Answer: *Option D✅* 5. The most densely populated city which is also the capital of a country in Africa is A. Abuja B. Dakar C. Cairo D. Cape Town Correct Answer: *Option C✅* 6. A country well known for the production of Copper in Africa is A. Zambia B. Republic of Benin C. Ghana D. Egypt Correct Answer: *Option A✅* 7. The areas in Nigeria where temperate crops may be grown include A. Jos Plateau and Mambilla Plateau B. Mandara Mountains and Biu Plateau C. Oban Hills and Yoruba Highlands D. Apata Hills and Effon Ridge Correct Answer: *Option A✅* 8. The most capital-intensive sector of Nigeria economy to day is A. Transportation B. Trading C. Agriculture D. Mining Correct Answer: *Option A✅* 9. Examples of fold mountains in Africa are A. Cape Ranges and Atlas Mountains B. Drakensberg Mountains and Mount Cameroun C. Atlas Mountains and Mount Kenya D. Mount Kilimanjaro and Atlas Mountains Correct Answer: *Option A✅* 10. A good example of cuesta landscape in Nigeria is A. North Central Highlands B. Biu plateau C. Yoruba Hills D. Udi hills Correct Answer: *Option D✅* 11. The prairies of North America are A. montane grasslands B. temperate grasslands C. tropical grasslands D. savannah Correct Answer: *Option B✅* 12. Lakes kivu and Malawi are related in that they A. lie in the Northern hemisphere B. attract a large number of tourists C. are rift valley lakes D. are crater lakes Correct Answer: *Option C✅* 13. Automobile Industries that are essentially assembly plants are found in A. North East USA B. South Africa C. West Africa D. Western Europe *Correct Answer: Option C✅* 14. Nigeria recently entered into trade agreements in petroleum products and gas with A. most countries of North Africa B. all West African countries C. all African countries D. some West African countries Correct Answer: *Option D✅* 15. The group of hardwoods that are suitable for railway sleepers in Nigeria is A. pine, fir and mahogamy B. mahogamy, obeche and iroko C. gmelina, teak and spruce D. obeche, mahogamy and pine Correct Answer: *Option B✅* 16. The sex ratio of any population may be affected by A. mortality B. migration C. morbidity D. fertility Correct Answer: *Option B✅* 17. An igneous rock with distinct grains of mica, fieldspar and quartz is A. schist B. basalt C. granite D. rhyolite Correct Answer: *Option C✅* 18. An example of a landform produced by glaciation is A. horizon B. an ox-bow lake C. a cirque D. a sand-dune Correct Answer: *Option C✅* 19.The Stevenson’s screen is raised about one meter above the ground in order to avoid A. the influence of strong winds B. the heat from the ground C. the effects of nearby trees D. rain drops entering it Correct Answer: *Option B✅* 20. In surveying, it is best dealt with by A. using abney level B. removing them C. laying offsets D. avoiding them Correct Answer: *Option C✅* 21. The merging together of a number of urban settlements will produce a A. Suburb B. Nucleated settlement C. Linear settlement D. Conurbation Correct Answer: *Option D✅* 22. The world leading producer of cocoa is A. Nigeria B. Ecuador C. Ghana D. Brazil XamGod SolutioN Team

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🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹 *FOR MORE UNDERSTANDING* *Further breakdown :* 👇👇👇👇👇👇 *It comprises of four(4) subjects.* *1. English = 60 questions for 40 minutes* *2. Second Subject = 40 questions for 27 minutes* *3. Third Subject = 40 questions for 27 minutes* *4. Fourth Subject = 40 question for 27 minutes* *5.That makes a total of 180 questions for 2 hours* *6.Use 40 seconds to answer each question*. *7. 10 questions only would be coming out from the book 'The Life Changer but don't underate it because the marks those 10 questions carries can save your future* 🌐🌐🌐🌐🌐🌐🌐🌐🌐

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𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐌𝐆𝐎𝐃: 💥💥💥💥💥💥💥💥💥💥💥 07032599536       information concerning jamb mock exam          👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 1. JAMB Mock Exam is NOT COMPULSORY. 2. The reason for the JAMB mock exams is only to expose you to the UTME TESTING MODE. 3. The JAMB mock exam is not a REQUIREMENT TO WRITE THE MAIN EXAM. 4. The result of the mock exam will NOT be added to the result of the main examination. 5. If you earlier indicated interest to write the JAMB mock exam and later changed your mind, there is no problem at all. 6. The questions that will appear during the Mock exam are not necessarily the questions that will appear during the main exam. 7. There will be no makeup test if you miss the JAMB  mock exam. 8. For the JAMB mock examination, candidates’ venue will be within the state they registered for their 2023 UTME. 9. You are expected to go to the mock exam centre with a copy of your JAMB mock examination slip or printout. Bags, mobile phones, calculators, and other electronic devices are not allowed in the JAMB MOCK exams centre. 10. Please note that the mock examination is not absolutely FREE! Do pay the sum of #1000 for the Mock Examination at the point of UTME registration. 11. Jamb mock examination date: 16th March, 2023.        XamGod SolutioN Team 07032599536 ✅✅✅✅✅✅✅✅✅✅✅✅

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*NOTE TO STUDY ON BIOLOGY, 2024 SCIENCE DEPARTMENT JAMB STUDENTS* *Living organisms all share the same characterisitics:👇👇* 1. movement, 2. reproduction, 3. sensitivity, 4. growth, 5. respiration, 6. excretion 7.nutrition. 8. Competition *Variety of Living Organisms* *The five kingdoms of life include* (1) animals, (2)plants, (3)bacteria, (4)fungi and (5)protoctists. *Viruses* are not technically alive so they are not included in the five kingdoms. *Animals* Animals are multicellular organisms. Their cells contain no chloroplasts so they are unable to photosynthesise. Instead they obtain their food by digesting food from long molecules into smaller ones which their cells can absorb. Their cells have no cell wall. They usually have a nervous system and can move from place to place. They store carbohydrates as glycogen. *Plants* Plants are multicellular organisms. They use photosynthesis to obtain glucose and are able to carry out photosynthesis because their cells contain chloroplasts. Their cells have cell walls made of cellulose and they store carbohydrates as starch. *Fungi* Fungi are usually multicellular but some exist as single cells. Their body is organised into a mycelium made of thread-like structures called *hyphae*, which contain many nuclei. Their cell walls are made of *chitin.* They do not carry out photosynthesis but feed by secreting digestive enzymes which break down food molecules in their environment. The fungi then absorb these broken down molecules. This type of extracellular digestion is called saprotrophic nutrition. Fungi store carbohydrates as glycogen. Mushrooms and moulds such as Mucor (found on mouldy cheese) are examples of multicellular fungi. Yeast is an example of a single-celled fungus. *Protoctists* These are microscopic unicellular organisms with a range of features. These organisms can be thought of as ones which do not fit into the other categories, so protoctists are sometimes called the 'dustbin kingdom'. Some have chloroplasts and look a bit like plant cells e.g. Chlorella, whilst others more closely resemble animal cells e.g. Amoeba. A pathogenic example is Plasmodium which is carried by mosquitos and causes malaria. *Bacteria*: Bacteria are microscopic unicellular organisms. Their cells contain a cell wall but no nucleus. Instead, their DNA exists freely in the cytoplasm in the form of a large circular chromosome and many smaller plasmids. Some bacteria can photosynthesise but the majority feed on other living or dead organisms. *Lactobacillus* is a bacteria involved in the production of yoghurt. It digests lactose in yoghurt into lactate (aka lactic acid). This gives yoghurt its thicker texture and makes yoghurt more acidic which helps to preserve yoghurt by killing microorganisms *Viruses* Don't mistake viruses as living organisms! They are not classified as one of the five kingdoms as they do not carry out basic life processes independently. *Pathogen* A pathogen is any organism which causes disease. Pathogens can include: fungi, protoctists, bacteria and viruses.    Athlete's foot is a fungal infection caused by the tinea fungus. The protoctist Plasmodium infects and destroys *red blood cells,* causing malaria. Bacteria can cause a range of illnesses, including meningitis and cholera. The Salmonella bacteria causes food poisoning. Viruses are responsible for the common cold, flu and Ebola. ExamGod -07032599536

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