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Channel Posts
🇸🇪🇩🇰PCA from a new paper about the spread of plague and the Neolithic decline in Scandinavia.
The PCA shows 3 main genetic clusters and as the paper states, the distinction between them is supported by vastly different yDNA results. This distinction, according to the paper, was due to the patrilineal societies of these clans.
Neolithic cluster = 100% yDNA I2. Oldest cluster in the paper, dated to approximately 4300-2800 BC.
Steppe 1 cluster = 100% yDNA R1. Dated to approximately 2800-2300 BC.
Steppe 2 cluster = 100% yDNA I1. Dated to approximately 2100 BC-1000 BC.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07651-2 🇸🇪🇩🇰
| 2 | 🇩🇰🇩🇰Nearly 40,000 burial mounds dating to the Bronze Age in Denmark have been registered. This is a map showing the density of the burial mounds. Do note that it can not immediately be concluded that a small number of mounds means that the area was sparsely populated, as intensive agriculture has led to many mounds being plowed. The Bronze Age was an aristocratic period with a big difference between high and low. Kings and princes had their quarters in large, probably splendid halls. They were surrounded by warriors with sharp bronze weapons, artfully decorated, and they were buried in large burial mounds, still present in the Danish landscape. 🇩🇰🇩🇰 | 281 |
| 3 | 🇷🇺🇷🇺Chronological scale of the Baraba forest-steppe archaeological cultures of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages 🇷🇺🇷🇺 | 340 |
| 4 | 🐴🐺Indo-European language family tree with corresponding archaeological cultures🐺🐴 | 2 233 |
| 5 | 🇩🇰🇸🇪Dispersal of various branches of Germanic languages according to the recent paper 'Steppe Ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages'. The estimates are pretty conservative and do not deviate from the consensus among linguists and archaeologists which goes to show that a multidisciplinary outlook works well even in aDNA papers. Many of the old school archaeologists and even old Roman-era sources and legends about tribal origins find themselves redeemed by ancient DNA. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584607v1 🇸🇪🇩🇰 | 4 847 |
| 6 | 🇳🇴More Late Neolithic aDNA samples from Norway on their way?
A Late Neolithic (Dagger Period) warrior has been reconstructed by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
The bones belonged to a man who was approximately 25 years of age and who had died at the very end of the Stone Age—4,000 years ago. He was roughly 169 cm tall and was predicted to have had light hair and blue eyes. Along with the bone remains, a dagger and an arm guard for archery were found.
There is still much we don't know about this dramatic era in Scandinavian history, and research is ongoing. The Hitra man is part of this research, along with many other skeletal discoveries. Right now, his DNA is being analyzed at the Lundbeck Foundation Center for Geogenetics at the University of Copenhagen.
https://phys.org/news/2024-05-stone-age-trndelag.html 🇳🇴 | 535 |
| 7 | 🇩🇰Denmark's first Viking king soon to be tested for DNA?
Gorm the Old’s bones were first discovered under the floor of Jelling Church in 1978. He was between 35-50 years old at the time of his death. Scientists used a CT-scan of the bones, which have since been reburied under the church in Jelling, to reconstruct them with a 3D printer.3D scans allowed them to adjust for the pressure damage that occurred after burial, says Marie Louise Jørkov, a postdoc in the Section of Forensic Pathology at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
For example, the skull had been flattened after being buried for so many years. “Then you can print the bones one to one in 3D, which makes it possible to display the bones. We can then re-analyse the skeleton and study the bones to look for any signs of disease, which can’t be seen at the surface,” says Jørkov. A 3D print of Gorm the Old’s cranium, seen from behind. The unusual growth is illustrated in yellow. (Photo: Marie Louise Jørkov) The reconstructed bones revealed a rather odd lump on the back of Gorm’s head. “He had a very pronounced growth on his neck just where it meets the back of the head. It looks like a bird’s beak and it’s really pronounced. It’s not totally unheard of, but we don’t see it very often,” says Jørkov.
Older technology did not allow for extraction of DNA from Gorm's bones, but a new attempt will be made in late 2024 by researchers at Copenhagen University. This may shed light on the ancestry of not only Gorm but also his son Harald Bluetooth.
https://globe.ku.dk/research/lundbeck-foundation-geogenetics-centre/
https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/gorm-den-gamle-printet-i-3d-havde-maerkelig-gevaekst-i-nakken/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorm_the_Old 🇩🇰 | 458 |
| 8 | The jarl's skeleton revealed that he was powerfully built and his joints showed signs of heavy wear and horseback riding. He had a healed wound above his eye, believed to have been from a sword cut. He stood at a height of 6′2″ or 188 cm. He was predicted to have had blond hair, blue eyes and pale skin.
YDNA: I1-M253
mtDNA: H
Sample reference: BG_Jarl from 'Finding the founder of Stockholm – A kinship study based on Y-chromosomal, autosomal and mitochondrial DNA'
Art used: 'Birger Jarl lands in Finland' by Mannuel Krommenacker and 'Birger Jarl at the battle of Herrevadsbro' by Minnhagen 🇸🇪🇫🇮🇳🇴🇩🇰
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0940960211000793
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bjelbo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birger_Jarl
https://www.svd.se/a/ecdec313-a878-3f51-bbfa-0019fabbdb89/birger-jarl-vaxer-fram
https://www.uu.se/nyheter/2007/2007-08-31-dna-analys-ger-stod-till-hypotes-om-birger-jarls-grav | 457 |
| 9 | 🇸🇪🇳🇴🇫🇮🇩🇰Reconstruction of Birger Magnusson by Oscar Nilsson. More commonly known simply as Birger Jarl, he was the head of the House of Bjelbo/Folkung dynasty. They were an Ostrogothian Swedish family that rose to power after the fall of another royal family from Gotaland, the Stenkils. Birger Jarl's sons and grandsons became kings of Sweden, Norway and Denmark, but the jarl himself never held any royal titles other than 'Duke of Sweden'.
He is best known for leading the Second Swedish Crusade which established Swedish rule in Finland, and he is also thought to have founded the capital city of Stockholm. Osteological and genetic analyses of Birger Jarl and his sons were done in 2012. Birger Magnusson's uncle was Birger Brosa, who was jarl of the Geats and Swedes and married to the daughter of Norwegian king Harald IV. | 420 |
| 10 | 🇬🇧🏴Reconstruction of the Slonk Hill man by sculptor and forensic artist Oscar Nilsson.The Slonk Hill man lived around 300 BCE during the Late Iron Age in Great Britain. His remains were found in a burial on Slonk Hill in Brighton, England.
Excavated in 1968 during a highway project, he was an active, strong, and healthy man in his later twenties when he passed away and was buried in a semi-crouched position in the bottom of a storage pit, a practice typical during the Iron Age. He would have spoken a Celtic language. His paternal line likely entered Britain in the late Bronze Age.
The man was predicted to have had brown eyes, brown hair and a pale skin color.
yDNA: R1b-CTS4528
mtDNA: H1
Sample reference: I7632 from 'Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age'
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04287-4
https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=398691&resourceID=19191
https://www.odnilsson.com/
🇬🇧🏴 | 381 |
| 11 | 🇲🇩A new sample with yDNA J2-L283 has been found in a kurgan attributed to either the Yamnaya culture or the Cernavodă culture in Moldova. This discovery is important to the debate surrounding the origins of the Illyrians, as the Bronze Age Cetina culture from which the Illyrians descended was dominated by J2-L283. J2-L283 has not been found in any Neolithic European samples, and has long been suspected to have arrived from the steppes. The man was around 30 years old at the time of his death and 181 cm tall. 🇲🇩
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589597v1 | 593 |
| 12 | 🇸🇪🇳🇴Reconstruction of the Battle Axe culture man and his family from Bergsgraven in Sweden by sculptor and forensic artist Oscar Nilsson.
Bergsgraven is a typical Battle Axe burial. Remains of an adult male aged 30 at the time of his death was found together with those of an 18-year old woman, presumed to be his wife, and their infant. The remains of a dog were also found in the burial. The people of this culture are widely considered to have been the very first Indo-European speakers in Scandinavia.
The man and the woman were both robustly built and tall for their time. The man stood at a height of 6'1" or 185 cm.
yDNA: R1a-Y2395
mtDNA: U4c1a
Sample reference: Ber1 from 'The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon'
https://ostergotlandsmuseum.se/aktuellt/bergsgraven-70-aar/
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.1528 🇳🇴🇸🇪 | 1 378 |
| 13 | 🇸🇪Reconstruction of Motala 2, or 'Ludvig' by sculptor and forensic artist Oscar Nilsson.
The site was excavated at Kanaljorden in Motala, Sweden. The craniums from ten individuals were found. The craniums from these hunter-gatherers were mounted on wooden stakes, and placed just above the surface of an ancient lake. They all had several healed traumas/injuries from repeated violence to their heads and faces.
The man in question had a massive, broad face and was about 50 years old at the time of his death. He was relatively short in stature. The hunter-gatherer was predicted to have had brown hair, a pale skin tone and blue eyes.
yDNA: I2-L596
mtDNA: U4
Sample reference: Motala2 from Lazaridis et al. 2015; Haak et al. 2015; Mathieson et al. 2015
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/8000-years-ago-mans-skull-was-mounted-stake-180975218/
https://www.odnilsson.com/gallery-mesolithic/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170574/ 🇸🇪 | 354 |
| 14 | 🇸🇪Reconstruction of the Mesolithic Bredgård Man by sculptor and forensic artist Oscar Nilsson.
With an age of 9500 years, the Bredgård Man is one of the oldest skeletal finds in Scandinavia. The hunter-gatherer was found accidentally in a bog by farmer Per-Åke Jansson in 1994. The Bredgård Man was unusually tall and muscular for his time, and his bones have since been moved to the Swedish National Museum in Stockholm.
Isotopes show that he lived on a diet that was a mix of terrestrial game and seafood. He was predicted to have had light hair, blue or green eyes and an intermediate to light skin color.
yDNA: I2-FT344596
mtDNA: U5a2
Sample reference: NEO27 from '100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark' 🇸🇪
https://www.skaraborgslanstidning.se/2023-10-11/lag-10-000-ar-i-mossen-nu-bor-han-i-museets-kallare
https://www.vastsverige.com/ulricehamn/kultur/historiska-fynd/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06862-3
https://www.odnilsson.com/home/ | 434 |
| 15 | 🏴Reconstruction of Richard III, the last king of the House of Plantagenet. The Plantagenets were originally of French origin and ruled England for more than 300 years.
Richard died at the Battle of Bosworth Field, where he faced the forces of Henry Tudor. Richard fought at the front and sat atop a white warhorse. The king is often believed to have been killed by a Welsh halberdier, which was confirmed in recent years through forensic analysis by the University of Leicester.
Phenotype predictions were produced from the IrisPlex and HIrisplex statistical models. These results show that Skeleton 1 (Richard III) had a 96% probability of having blue eyes together with a 77% probability of having blond hair (see Fig. 2a–b and Supplementary Note 4).
yDNA: G2a-L89
mtDNA: J1c2c
Sample reference: Skeleton 1 from 'Identification of the remains of King Richard III' https://www.archaeology.org/slideshow/508-king-richard-iii-england-bones-skeleton 🏴 | 354 |
| 16 | 🇬🇧🏴Reconstruction of the Ditchling Road Man from the early Bell Beaker culture in England. Made by sculptor and forensic artist Oscar Nilsson.
While the men of the Bell Beaker culture were generally robust, the Ditchling Road Man's remains show that he suffered from malnutrition during his upbringing and had his growth stunted as a result. He was predicted to have had light hair, blue eyes and a pale skin color.
YDNA: R1b-P312 > Z290
mtDNA: H4a1a1a
Sample reference: I6774/R2315/3 from 'The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe'
https://www.odnilsson.com/reconstructions/ 🏴🇬🇧 | 1 462 |
| 17 | 🇩🇰🇸🇪yDNA of all samples from the Neolithic Funnel Beaker culture in Scandinavia. Pie chart includes new samples from '100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark' and 'Steppe Ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages'. 🇸🇪🇩🇰 | 389 |
| 18 | 🇩🇰The Iron Age in Denmark, illustration by Emilie Tholstrup🇩🇰 | 353 |
| 19 | 🇸🇪Swedish cartoon depicting a stone cist grave. Stone cists became common in the Nordic bronze age in Scandinavia and the men buried in the cists were laid to rest with their heads facing North. Recent genetic papers associate the stone cists with an enigmatic group of migrants from the northeast. 🇸🇪 | 3 924 |
| 20 | 🇩🇰Danish cartoon depicting the arrival of the Single Grave culture in Jutland around 2800 BC 🇩🇰 | 332 |
