WayOfPsychology

1929 Electroencephalogram invented

Psychiatrist Hans Berger invents the electroencephalogram and tests it on his son. The device graphs the electrical activity of the brain by means of electrodes attached to the head.

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FRANCES GALTON: Maintained that personality and ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance(human traits are inherited) WILLIAM WUNDT: introspection-psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience (rather than science) JOHN WATSON: Founder of behaviorism- Did the study of generalization LITTLE ALBERT: Watson’s study on the generalization of fear. Conditioning subject to be afraid ALFRED ADLER: Neo Freudian, believed that childhood social not sexual tensions are crucial for personality formation CARL JUNG: People had conscious and unconscious awareness-two layers of unconscious archetypes-personal/collective GORDON ALLPORT: Three levels of traits: °°Cardinal trait-it is the dominant trait that characterizes your life; °°Central trait-one common to all people; °°Secondary trait- it surfaces in some situations and not in others ALBERT ELLIS: Rational Emotive Therapy-focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behaviour and emotions ALBERT MASLOW: Hierarchy of needs-Needs at the lower level dominate an individual’s motivation as long as they are unsatisfied. Once these needs are adequately met, the higher needs occupy the individual’s attention. CARL ROGERS: Humanistic psychology-the theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth. B.F. SKINNER: Operant conditioning-techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism’s behaviour in order to observe the effects of subsequent behaviour. Also Skinner Box. IVAN PAVLOV: Classical conditioning-An unconditional stimulus naturally elicits a reflexive behaviour called an unconditional response. But with repeated pairings with a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit the response. Dog Salivation etc. . NOAM CHOMSKY: Disagreed with Skinner and said there is an infinite number of sentences in a language. He said that humans have an inborn native ability to develop language. JEAN PIAGET: Four-stage theory of cognitive development. 1. Sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, 4. formal operational He said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation & accommodation

1886 First doctorate in psychology

The first doctorate in psychology is given to JOSEPH JASTROW, a student of G. STANLEY HALL at Johns Hopkins University. Jastrow later became professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin and served as president of the American Psychological Association in 1900.

Counseling-and-Psychotherapy-Theories-and-Interventions.pdf

KITTY GENOVESE - A woman whose murder led to the concept of the bystander effect

The Kitty Genovese case refers to the tragic murder of a young woman in New York City in 1964. According to initial reports, the attack lasted for about 30 minutes, during which Kitty was assaulted multiple times by her assailant. What made this case particularly shocking was the claim that 38 witnesses observed or heard parts of the attack from their apartments nearby, yet no one intervened or called the police until it was too late. This incident prompted psychologists to study the phenomenon known as the bystander effect. The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation. This can happen due to diffusion of responsibility (assuming someone else will act), social influence (conforming to the inaction of others), or a lack of awareness (not recognizing the seriousness of the situation).

"The Nun Study: Insights into Cognitive Resilience and Aging"

The NUN STUDY is a groundbreaking research project focusing on aging and Alzheimer's disease. Initiated in 1986, it examines factors influencing aging and cognitive health. The study involves a cohort of American Catholic nuns, chosen for their similar lifestyles and environmental factors. The research has revealed significant insights into the relationship between early-life experiences and late-life brain health. |••KEY POINTS••| - °°Focus°°: Factors influencing aging and Alzheimer's disease. - °°Participants°° American Catholic nuns. - °°Initiation°° Started in 1986. - °°Methodology°° Longitudinal study tracking cognitive function and health over time. - °°Findings°° Strong correlation between linguistic ability in early life and reduced Alzheimer's risk. - °°Significance°° Emphasizes the importance of education and cognitive engagement in maintaining brain health. - °°Important Figures°° Dr. David Snowdon, the lead researcher.

The_Procrastination_Cure_7_Steps_To_Stop_Putting_Life_Off_PDFDrive.pdf

Flow_ The Psychology of Optimal Experience ( PDFDrive ).pdf

Mindset _ The New Psychology of Success ( PDFDrive ).pdf

Influence_ The Psychology of Persuasion ( PDFDrive ).pdf