Economics Class 11 12 CUET Notes

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Register for S-BAT: https://s-bat.ai/4gQTR7w STRIDE School of Business is India’s first AI-native business school. A 3-year BBA built for students who want more than classroom learning. From Day 1, work on real business projects, learn using AI tools, build practical business skills, and graduate with real experience. What you get: • Free personal MacBook loaded with 15+ AI tools • 25+ real projects to build your portfolio • 10+ AI industry certifications from platforms like Google, IBM & HubSpot • Startup funding support up to ₹1 Crore • Scholarships up to 100% 🎁 Use coupon code [STRIDE500] and get ₹500 OFF on your S-BAT registration fee. Admissions are through S-BAT (Stride Business & AI Test). 📅 Test Date: 26th July ⏳ Last Date to Apply: 25th July 💻 Mode: Online Registrations close soon and seats are limited. Prepare for S-BAT here: https://strideschool.ai/Stride-BAT-2026-Prep-Kit.pdf

Register for S-BAT: https://s-bat.ai/4gQTR7w STRIDE School of Business is India’s first AI-native business school. A 3-year BBA built for students who want more than classroom learning. From Day 1, work on real business projects, learn using AI tools, build practical business skills, and graduate with real experience. What you get: • Free personal MacBook loaded with 15+ AI tools • 25+ real projects to build your portfolio • 10+ AI industry certifications from platforms like Google, IBM & HubSpot • Startup funding support up to ₹1 Crore • Scholarships up to 100% 🎁 Use coupon code [STRIDE500] and get ₹500 OFF on your S-BAT registration fee. Admissions are through S-BAT (Stride Business & AI Test). 📅 Test Date: 26th July ⏳ Last Date to Apply: 25th July 💻 Mode: Online Registrations close soon and seats are limited. Prepare for S-BAT here: https://strideschool.ai/Stride-BAT-2026-Prep-Kit.pdf

Register for S-BAT: https://s-bat.ai/4gQTR7w STRIDE School of Business is India’s first AI-native business school. A 3-year BBA built for students who want more than classroom learning. From Day 1, work on real business projects, learn using AI tools, build practical business skills, and graduate with real experience. What you get: • Free personal MacBook loaded with 15+ AI tools • 25+ real projects to build your portfolio • 10+ AI industry certifications from platforms like Google, IBM & HubSpot • Startup funding support up to ₹1 Crore • Scholarships up to 100% 🎁 Use coupon code [STRIDE500] and get ₹500 OFF on your S-BAT registration fee. Admissions are through S-BAT (Stride Business & AI Test). 📅 Test Date: 26th July ⏳ Last Date to Apply: 25th July 💻 Mode: Online Registrations close soon and seats are limited. Prepare for S-BAT here: https://strideschool.ai/Stride-BAT-2026-Prep-Kit.pdf

🗳 Joint Ventures in Private, Public and Global Enterprises Joint ventures help businesses share resources, technology, risks and rewards. They may involve private companies, government-owned enterprises or foreign companies. 📌 Meaning of Joint Venture A joint venture is formed when two or more businesses join together for a common purpose and mutual benefit. It may be created for business expansion, new product development or entry into new markets. 📌 Types of Joint Ventures 🖇 Contractual joint venture➖ Parties agree to work together without forming a new jointly-owned entity. 🖇 Equity-based joint venture➖ Parties create a separate business entity with shared ownership. 📌 Contractual Joint Venture In a contractual joint venture, a new jointly-owned entity is not created. The parties only agree to work together for a business purpose. 📮 Key Element 🖇 Common intention➖ Parties agree to run a business venture 🖇 Inputs➖ Each party brings resources 🖇 Control➖ Parties exercise some control 🖇 Duration➖ Relationship is usually longer than one transaction 📪 Equity-Based Joint Venture In an equity-based joint venture, a separate business entity is formed. The parties share ownership, management, investment, profits and losses. 📮 Key Element 🖇 New or existing entity➖ Parties create or join an entity 🖇 Shared ownership➖ Ownership is divided among parties 🖇 Shared management➖ Parties manage the entity together 🖇 Shared responsibility➖ Capital and finance are shared 🖇 Shared profits and losses➖ Distribution follows the agreement 💰 Benefits of Joint Ventures 🖇 Increased resources and capacity➖ Partners pool financial and human resources. 🖇 Access to new markets➖ Foreign partners can enter large markets like India. 🖇 Access to technology➖ Advanced production methods improve quality. 🖇 Innovation➖ Partners bring new ideas and product designs. 🖇 Low cost of production➖ International firms may benefit from lower production costs. 🖇 Established brand name➖ One partner may benefit from the other’s goodwill.

National Income Formula

GDP Deflator

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Register for S-BAT: https://bit.ly/4nJ9f7d STRIDE School of Business is India’s first AI-native business school. A 3-year BBA built for students who want more than classroom learning. From Day 1, work on real business projects, learn using AI tools, build practical business skills, and graduate with real experience. What you get: • Free personal MacBook loaded with 15+ AI tools • 25+ real projects to build your portfolio • 10+ AI industry certifications from platforms like Google, IBM & HubSpot • Startup funding support up to ₹1 Crore • Scholarships up to 100% 🎁 Use coupon code [SBAT300] and get ₹300 OFF on your S-BAT registration fee. Admissions are through S-BAT (Stride Business & AI Test). 📅 Test Date: 12th June ⏳ Last Date to Apply: 11th June 💻 Mode: Online Registrations close soon and seats are limited. Prepare for S-BAT here: https://strideschool.ai/Stride-BAT-2026-Prep-Kit.pdf

Register for S-BAT: https://bit.ly/4nJ9f7d STRIDE School of Business is India’s first AI-native business school. A 3-year BBA built for students who want more than classroom learning. From Day 1, work on real business projects, learn using AI tools, build practical business skills, and graduate with real experience. What you get: • Free personal MacBook loaded with 15+ AI tools • 25+ real projects to build your portfolio • 10+ AI industry certifications from platforms like Google, IBM & HubSpot • Startup funding support up to ₹1 Crore • Scholarships up to 100% 🎁 Use coupon code [SBAT300] and get ₹300 OFF on your S-BAT registration fee. Admissions are through S-BAT (Stride Business & AI Test). 📅 Test Date: 11th June ⏳ Last Date to Apply: 12th June 💻 Mode: Online Registrations close soon and seats are limited. Prepare for S-BAT here: https://strideschool.ai/Stride-BAT-2026-Prep-Kit.pdf

Register for S-BAT: https://bit.ly/4nJ9f7d STRIDE School of Business is India’s first AI-native business school. A 3-year BBA built for students who want more than classroom learning. From Day 1, work on real business projects, learn using AI tools, build practical business skills, and graduate with real experience. What you get: • Free personal MacBook loaded with 15+ AI tools • 25+ real projects to build your portfolio • 10+ AI industry certifications from platforms like Google, IBM & HubSpot • Startup funding support up to ₹1 Crore • Scholarships up to 100% 🎁 Use coupon code [SBAT300] and get ₹300 OFF on your S-BAT registration fee. Admissions are through S-BAT (Stride Business & AI Test). 📅 Test Date: 11th June ⏳ Last Date to Apply: 12th June 💻 Mode: Online Registrations close soon and seats are limited. Prepare for S-BAT here: https://strideschool.ai/Stride-BAT-2026-Prep-Kit.pdf

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Register for S-BAT: https://bit.ly/4nJ9f7d STRIDE School of Business is India’s first AI-native business school. A 3-year BBA built for students who want more than classroom learning. From Day 1, work on real business projects, learn using AI tools, build practical business skills, and graduate with real experience. What you get: • Free personal MacBook loaded with 15+ AI tools • 25+ real projects to build your portfolio • 10+ AI industry certifications from platforms like Google, IBM & HubSpot • Startup funding support up to ₹1 Crore • Scholarships up to 100% 🎁 Use coupon code [SBAT300] and get ₹300 OFF on your S-BAT registration fee. Admissions are through S-BAT (Stride Business & AI Test). 📅 Test Date: 31st May ⏳ Last Date to Apply: 30th May 💻 Mode: Online Registrations close soon and seats are limited. Prepare for S-BAT here: https://strideschool.ai/Stride-BAT-2026-Prep-Kit.pdf

Register for S-BAT: https://bit.ly/4nJ9f7d STRIDE School of Business is India’s first AI-native business school. A 3-year BBA built for students who want more than classroom learning. From Day 1, work on real business projects, learn using AI tools, build practical business skills, and graduate with real experience. What you get: • Free personal MacBook loaded with 15+ AI tools • 25+ real projects to build your portfolio • 10+ AI industry certifications from platforms like Google, IBM & HubSpot • Startup funding support up to ₹1 Crore • Scholarships up to 100% Admissions are through S-BAT (Stride Business & AI Test). 📅 Test Date: 31st May ⏳ Last Date to Apply: 30th May 💻 Mode: Online Registrations close soon and seats are limited. Prepare for S-BAT here: https://strideschool.ai/Stride-BAT-2026-Prep-Kit.pdf

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✅Advantages of Computerized Accounting System ➖ The accounts developed by computers are accurate, uniformed, clear, and comprehensive. ➖ It saves time and increases the efficiency of the employees. ➖ The computer prepares the account and records in no time with accuracy. ➖ Computerized accounting minimizes boredom of doing monotonous accounting jobs. ➖ With the help of accounting software, an individual can easily access data securely outside the office as well. The best example would be internet banking, booking tickets, etc. ➖ The financial statements arranged by computers are so precise and accurate that anybody can rely on the report. ➖ The accounting software makes the whole process simpler and faster to prepare an account. ✅Disadvantages of Computerized Accounting System ➖ The accuracy of the end report entirely depends on the input of the information. ➖ Sometime the incompetent and biased employees may alter the data. ➖ It is expensive. ➖ There is a cybersecurity threat and it might hinder the whole saved data. ➖ Too much of the input on the computer might slow down the operating system and affect the work process. ✅Types of Accounting Softwares ➖ Ready-to-use Softwares – It is cheap and fit for small enterprises which has less accounting transactions and a low user base. However, such software is less secure and easily subject to risks. This software doesn’t require any specialised training. ➖ Customized Softwares – The software is customizable to satisfy the customer’s requirement and fit for medium and large firms. The software is costly as well as its training, but a company can use it for a various information system. It is more secure as compare to ready-to-use software. ➖ Tailored Softwares – It is suitable for big companies that have many divisions and scattered geographically. The cost is extremely high and requires specialized training to utilise the software. The software is highly secure.

✅Features of Income and Expenditure Account ➖Income and expenditure account presented by non-trading entities are much like the profit and loss a/c presented by trading entities. ➖It is prepared by stringently following the fundamentals of the double-entry system of bookkeeping or accounting. ➖It is always prepared during the end of the period which normally comprises of 1 year. ➖It decides the surplus or deficit of income over expends of the non-trading entities for the particular year. ➖The surplus or deficit from the income and expenditure account is moved to the capital fund a/c. ➖The Income and expenditure account of only revenue nature are incorporated in this account. Any income and expenditure of capital nature are not comprehended. ➖It is prepared by accountants chosen by the enterprise’s management and is audited by an independent auditor. ➖It does not begin with the opening balance, and it follows back the incomes received and expenditures incurred by the non-trading entities during the financial year. ➖The accumulated or accrual concept of accounting is rigidly pursued when it is prepared.