Over Protocol Answer

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 19/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#Mempool] Full nodes temporarily store pending Txs in the #Memory, a queue awaiting inclusion. Initiated Txs are broadcast, undergo signature verification, and spender's coin ownership confirmation. Valid Txs enter the mempool, shared across the network, and chosen by proposers.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 18/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#ExecutionLayer] is responsible for executing contracts or Tx and managing state changes. All smart contracts and network rules reside in the execution layer software. To maintain performance of the node network, securing minimum of 3 Execution & 1 Consensus peers is essential.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 17/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#ConsensusLayer] is a consensus among network participants reached. Consensus peers manage the network’s consensus algorithm and block generation using PoS. You have built-in blockchain client software, ensuring all devices contribute by the rules and penalize those that do not.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 16/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#PeerNode] are the surrounding nodes that communicate with. Your node continuously attempts to connect to other nodes on the network until it has enough peers. When you firstly enter the network, you get introduced to a set of peers by a #bootnode who connect new nodes to peers.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 15/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#Synchronization] downloads the latest version of chain to a node, validates and maintains recent blocks when firstly executed or out of date. To catch up, Over employs secure sync, dividing slot sections and receiving blocks from peers and periodically updates by every 2 slots.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 14/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#Mnemonic] Randomly generated and ordered words for easy wallet access instead of long and complex private key. It's risky to store in potentially exposed locations like computer notepad. It's recommended that you print it out or write it down by hand and store it in safe place

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 13/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#Bailout] is the name of @OverProtocol’s Validator Rescuing Mechanism. Based on the activity history, validators who are dormant above certain level are #BailedOut as a relief measure, which is to evacuate them before the balance is largely affected from the accumulated penalty.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 12/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#CorrelationPenalty] grows with slashed validators’ effective balance. Slash initiates a token burn and a 36-day removal. Extra penalty ensues after day 18, based on the magnitude of the slashing event that a minor event with single validator is lightly punished, the other more.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 11/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#InactivityPenalty] This addresses prolonged non-agreement. Chain triggers inactivity leak mode after 4 epochs without finalizing a checkpoint. Inactive validators receive penalties for chain liveliness, preventing prolonged offline periods, as finality requires a majority vote.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 10/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#Surroundvoting] is voting source and target on incompatible areas when a chain is forked. Only one branch is ultimately selected, so each fork is incompatible. Voting with overlapping heights in each fork becomes the target of slashing because it interferes with chain formation.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 09/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#DoubleSigning] is the act of validator attempting to sign and propose different blocks at the same height/slot, being the cause of "#Slash". Under normal conditions, only one block proposer is selected in each slot to create and release a single block in its dedicated slot.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 08/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#Whistleblower] It is the reward for initial slashing report, to the proposer who included the slashing evidence of misbehavior by other validators in the proposed block. It is not tied to the base reward, which is set at 1/512 of the effective balance of the slashed validator.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 07/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#Slasher] is an entity that scans attestations to detect slashable offenses, collecting & reporting evidence that hinders consensus. Slashings're broadcast to network and the next block proposer adds the proof to the block, receiving a reward for slashing the malicious validator

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 06/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#Slashing] Slashing happens when validators break certain protocol rules while making attestations or block proposals. This applies to actions that could be part of an attack on the chain. Being slashed means losing a big chunk of stake and getting ejected from the protocol.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 05/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#Penalty] is the disadvantage for validators who do not complete their duties. Validators that are absent / fail to act when called upon miss rewards and lose a small portion of their existing stake, but it’s still small. Rather, some malicious intent are penalized more harshly.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 04/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#DoubleSpendingProblem] is attempting incompatible TXs, like same asset transferred to two recipients simultaneously. Account-based blockchain uses account as a counter along with nonce to ensure that TX with the highest gas fee be processed when multiple TXs are sent to the same nonce

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 03/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#InclusionDelay] Delayed Attestations shall be included later(not next) block, but limited space might lead to delays in including both original and delayed Attestations, causing a network-wide delay. This actually serves as a penalty, as it prevents receiving potential rewards.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 02/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#Delay] is the gap btw validation speed and proposal or attestation speed. Aggregators include attestations in the slot immediately following the slot from which those were submitted. However, if validators do not receive blocks on time, attestations will not be created on time.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 01/12/2023 📖Answer today: [#BaseReward] It's the basis for weighted reward, calculated according to the number of active attesting validators from both total and your effective balance. Proposer and Attestation rewards are proportional to base reward, which receives a fraction of it for each valid action.

✨Over Protocol Answer✨ 30/11/2023 📖Answer today: [#EffectiveBalance] There're actual balance & effective balance. Effective balance is used to calculate rewards & penalties, minimum staking amount required to validator. Validator's influence is proportional to its effective balance. RANDAO probability is weighted by this value.