Coding_knowledge

Output :-

Number guessing game in Python 😍 Analysis: Explanation 1: If the User inputs range, let’s say from 1 to 100. And compiler randomly selected 42 as the integer. And now the guessing game started, so the user entered 50 as his/her first guess. The compiler shows “Try Again! You guessed too high”. That’s mean the random number (i.e., 42) doesn’t fall in the range from 50 to 100. That’s the importance of guessing half of the range. And again, the user guesses half of 50 (Could you tell me why?). So the half of 50 is 25. The user enters 25 as his/her second guess. This time compiler will show, “Try Again! You guessed too small”. That’s mean the integers less than 25 (from 1 to 25) are useless to be guessed. Now the range for user guessing is shorter, i.e., from 25 to 50. Intelligently! The user guessed half of this range, so that, user guessed 37 as his/her third guess. This time again the compiler shows the output, “Try Again! You guessed too small”. For the user, the guessing range is getting smaller by each guess. Now, the guessing range for user is from 37 to 50, for which the user guessed 43 as his/her fourth guess. This time the compiler will show an output “Try Again! You guessed too high”. So, the new guessing range for users will be from 37 to 43, again for which the user guessed the half of this range, that is, 40 as his/her fifth guess. This time the compiler shows the output, “Try Again! You guessed too small”. Leaving the guess even smaller such that from 41 to 43. And now the user guessed 41 as his/her sixth guess. Which is wrong and shows output “Try Again! You guessed too small”. And finally, the User Guessed the right number which is 42 as his/her seventh guess. Explanation 2: If the User inputs range, let’s say from 1 to 50. And compiler randomly selected 42 as the integer. And now the guessing game started. So the half of 50 is 25. The user enters 25 as his/her First guess. This time compiler will show, “Try Again! You guessed too small”. That’s mean the integers less than 25 (from 1 to 25) are useless to be guessed. Now the range for user guessing is shorter, i.e., from 25 to 50. Intelligently! User guessed half of this range, so that, user guessed 37 as his/her second guess. This time again the compiler shows the output, “Try Again! You guessed too small”. For the user, the guessing range is getting smaller by each guess. Now, the guessing range for user is from 37 to 50, for which the user guessed 43 as his/her third guess. This time the compiler will show an output “Try Again! You guessed too high”. So, the new guessing range for users will be from 37 to 43, again for which the user guessed the half of this range, that is, 40 as his/her fourth guess. This time the compiler shows the output, “Try Again! You guessed too small”. Leaving the guess even smaller such that from 41 to 43. And now the user guessed 41 as his/her fifth guess. Which is wrong and shows output “Try Again! You guessed too small”. And finally, the User Guessed the right number which is 42 as his/her sixth guess. Total Number of Guesses = 6 So, the minimum number of guesses depends upon range. And the compiler must calculate the minimum number of guessing depends upon the range, on its own. For this, we have a formula:- Minimum number of guessing = log2(Upper bound – lower bound + 1) Algorithm: Below are the Steps: User inputs the lower bound and upper bound of the range. The compiler generates a random integer between the range and store it in a variable for future references. For repetitive guessing, a while loop will be initialized. If the user guessed a number which is greater than a randomly selected number, the user gets an output “Try Again! You guessed too high“ Else If the user guessed a number which is smaller than a randomly selected number, the user gets an output “Try Again! You guessed too small” And if the user guessed in a minimum number of guesses, the user gets a “Congratulations! ” Output. Else if the user didn’t guess the integer in the minimum number of guesses,

Output

Introduction: tkinter is a GUI library provided by Python to create GUI applications. In this project, with the help of this library, we are going to build up the notepad, a text editor. The notepad will have two main menu items: File & edit. The functionalities of these menu items will also be there. Explanation: First of all, we will import the tkinter library. With this, we will also import the “filedailog” module from tkinter which will provide the classes and factory functions for creating file selection windows. Now, we will initiate a class named “Notepad ” by using the “class” keyword. During this process, we will pass the parameter as “tk. Tk” which will create the root object for our GUI application. Under this, we will define a “__init__” constructor with self,*args,**kwargs as parameters. Under this constructor, we will define the title by using “.title” and create a Text widget with the help of the “.Text()” method and will make this widget fill the entire frame with the “.pack()” method. For the notepad to show the menu bar we will create the menu widget with the help of “.Menu()”. The functionalities provided by the File menu in this project will be: New, Open, save and exit. and the functionalities provided by the edit menu will be: cut, copy, and paste The following options will be created by using the “.add_cascade()” method. This method will create a new hierarchical menu by associating the given menu with the parent menu. While doing so, we will pass the user-defined functions which will carry the particular functionality, under the “command” parameter. By this, both main menu items will get created. Code-: import tkinter as tk from tkinter import filedialog class Notepad(tk.Tk): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs) # Set the title for the notepad self.title("Notepad") # Create a text widget self.text = tk.Text(self, wrap="word") self.text.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True) # Create a menu bar self.menu = tk.Menu(self) self.config(menu=self.menu) # Create a file menu file_menu = tk.Menu(self.menu) self.menu.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file_menu) file_menu.add_command(label="New", command=self.new_file) file_menu.add_command(label="Open", command=self.open_file) file_menu.add_command(label="Save", command=self.save_file) file_menu.add_separator() file_menu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.quit) # Create an edit menu edit_menu = tk.Menu(self.menu) self.menu.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=edit_menu) edit_menu.add_command(label="Cut", command=self.cut) edit_menu.add_command(label="Copy", command=self.copy) edit_menu.add_command(label="Paste", command=self.paste) def new_file(self): self.text.delete("1.0", "end") self.title("Notepad") def open_file(self): file = filedialog.askopenfile(parent=self, mode="rb", title="Open a file") if file: contents = file.read() self.text.delete("1.0", "end") self.text.insert("1.0", contents) file.close() self.title(file.name + " - Notepad") def save_file(self): file = filedialog.asksaveasfile(mode="w", defaultextension=".txt", filetypes=[("Text Documents", "*.txt"), ("All Files", "*.*")]) if file: contents = self.text.get("1.0", "end") file.write(contents) file.close() self.title(file.name + " - Notepad") def cut(self): self.text.event_generate("<<Cut>>") def copy(self): self.text.event_generate("<<Copy>>") def paste(self): self.text.event_generate("<<Paste>>") if name == "__main__": notepad = Notepad() notepad.mainloop() Let’s discuss all the user-defined functions which will be needed to add functionalities to

Introduction: tkinter is a GUI library provided by Python to create GUI applications. In this project, with the help of this library, we are going to build up the notepad, a text editor. The notepad will have two main menu items: File & edit. The functionalities of these menu items will also be there. Explanation: First of all, we will import the tkinter library. With this, we will also import the “filedailog” module from tkinter which will provide the classes and factory functions for creating file selection windows. Now, we will initiate a class named “Notepad ” by using the “class” keyword. During this process, we will pass the parameter as “tk. Tk” which will create the root object for our GUI application. Under this, we will define a “__init__” constructor with self,*args,**kwargs as parameters. Under this constructor, we will define the title by using “.title” and create a Text widget with the help of the “.Text()” method and will make this widget fill the entire frame with the “.pack()” method. For the notepad to show the menu bar we will create the menu widget with the help of “.Menu()”. The functionalities provided by the File menu in this project will be: New, Open, save and exit. and the functionalities provided by the edit menu will be: cut, copy, and paste The following options will be created by using the “.add_cascade()” method. This method will create a new hierarchical menu by associating the given menu with the parent menu. While doing so, we will pass the user-defined functions which will carry the particular functionality, under the “command” parameter. By this, both main menu items will get created. Code :- import tkinter as tk from tkinter import filedialog class Notepad(tk.Tk): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs) # Set the title for the notepad self.title("Notepad") # Create a text widget self.text = tk.Text(self, wrap="word") self.text.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True) # Create a menu bar self.menu = tk.Menu(self) self.config(menu=self.menu) # Create a file menu file_menu = tk.Menu(self.menu) self.menu.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file_menu) file_menu.add_command(label="New", command=self.new_file) file_menu.add_command(label="Open", command=self.open_file) file_menu.add_command(label="Save", command=self.save_file) file_menu.add_separator() file_menu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.quit) # Create an edit menu edit_menu = tk.Menu(self.menu) self.menu.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=edit_menu) edit_menu.add_command(label="Cut", command=self.cut) edit_menu.add_command(label="Copy", command=self.copy) edit_menu.add_command(label="Paste", command=self.paste) def new_file(self): self.text.delete("1.0", "end") self.title("Notepad") def open_file(self): file = filedialog.askopenfile(parent=self, mode="rb", title="Open a file") if file: contents = file.read() self.text.delete("1.0", "end") self.text.insert("1.0", contents) file.close() self.title(file.name + " - Notepad") def save_file(self): file = filedialog.asksaveasfile(mode="w", defaultextension=".txt", filetypes=[("Text Documents", "*.txt"), ("All Files", "*.*")]) if file: contents = self.text.get("1.0", "end") file.write(contents) file.close() self.title(file.name + " - Notepad") def cut(self): self.text.event_generate("<<Cut>>") def copy(self): self.text.event_generate("<<Copy>>") def paste(self): self.text.event_generate("<<Paste>>") if name == "__main__": notepad = Notepad() notepad.mainloop()

Introduction: The “Binary-Decimal Converter” Python project is an ideal starting point for individuals venturing into the world of programming, especially those who are new to Python. This project introduces the basics of graphical user interface (GUI) development using the tkinter library while offering a practical application in the form of a number conversion tool. The project is structured intuitively, featuring clear buttons to select the conversion direction: “Decimal to Binary” and “Binary to Decimal”. These buttons act as the gateway to initiate the conversion process. The interface further comprises an input field where users can enter the number they wish to convert, followed by a “Convert” button that triggers the conversion calculation. Upon conversion, the result is displayed in an output label, providing immediate feedback. One remarkable aspect of the project is its error handling. The system gracefully manages unexpected inputs, such as non-numeric characters or invalid binary digits, ensuring that the user experience remains frustration-free. import tkinter as tk Code:- def decimal_to_binary(): try: decimal_num = int(input_field.get()) binary_num = bin(decimal_num).replace("0b", "") output_label.config(text=f"Binary: {binary_num}") except ValueError: output_label.config(text="Invalid input. Please enter a decimal number.") def binary_to_decimal(): try: binary_num = input_field.get() decimal_num = int(binary_num, 2) output_label.config(text=f"Decimal: {decimal_num}") except ValueError: output_label.config(text="Invalid input. Please enter a valid binary number.") def clear_output(): output_label.config(text="") root = tk.Tk() root.title("Binary-Decimal Converter") menu_frame = tk.Frame(root) menu_frame.pack() decimal_to_binary_button = tk.Button(menu_frame, text="Decimal to Binary", command=decimal_to_binary) decimal_to_binary_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT) binary_to_decimal_button = tk.Button(menu_frame, text="Binary to Decimal", command=binary_to_decimal) binary_to_decimal_button.pack(side=tk.LEFT) clear_button = tk.Button(root, text="Clear", command=clear_output) clear_button.pack() input_field = tk.Entry(root) input_field.pack() convert_button = tk.Button(root, text="Convert", command=lambda: None) # Placeholder for now convert_button.pack() output_label = tk.Label(root, text="", pady=10) output_label.pack() root.mainloop(). Explanation: Importing the Library: At the beginning, we’re telling Python to use a special toolbox of code called tkinter. It’s like a kit that helps us make windows and buttons in our program. Functions for Conversion: We define two functions: decimal_to_binary(): This function takes a regular number (decimal) and turns it into a binary number. For example, it changes 10 to “1010”. binary_to_decimal(): This function takes a binary number and turns it into a regular number. So, “1010” becomes 10. Clearing Output: We also have a function called clear_output(). This one just cleans up the space where the result appears. Creating the Window: We create the main window (the program’s screen) and give it a name, “Binary-Decimal Converter”. Buttons for Conversion: We make a little section at the top with buttons: “Decimal to Binary” and “Binary to Decimal”. These buttons will help us choose what kind of conversion we want to do. Input Field: Then we create a spot where you can type in a number. It’s like a text box. Convert Button: Next is a “Convert” button. Right now, it doesn’t do anything, but we’ll make it work soon. Output Label: Below that, there’s a spot where the result will show up. It starts out empty. Putting Everything Together: The root.mainloop() part keeps the window open. It’s like saying, “Hey, computer, show this window and let us click buttons and type things.”