Web Development - HTML, CSS & JavaScript

DSA Handwritten Notes

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🔹 Escape Characters 2️⃣5️⃣ New Line You can use \n and \t:

const message1 = "Hello\nWorld";
console.log(message1);
// Hello
// World

const message2 = "Name:\tRahul";
console.log(message2); // Name: Rahul (with tab)

🔹 Comparing Strings 2️⃣6️⃣ String Comparison Strings can be compared:

console.log("apple" === "apple"); // true
console.log("Apple" === "apple"); // false - case-sensitive

const input = "ADMIN";
if (input.toLowerCase() === "admin") {
    console.log("Access granted");
}

⭐ Practical String Processing Imagine a user enters an email:

const input = " USER@GMAIL.COM ";
const email = input.trim().toLowerCase();
console.log(email); // user@gmail.com

if (email.includes("@")) {
    console.log("Email looks valid");
}

This combines: • trim() ↓ toLowerCase() ↓ includes() 🧠 Real-World Example Suppose you receive this data:

const data = "Amit, Priya, Rahul, Neha";
const names = data.split(",");
const cleanedNames = names.map(name => name.trim());

console.log(cleanedNames); // ["Amit", "Priya", "Rahul", "Neha"]

const filteredNames = cleanedNames.filter(
    name => name.startsWith("R")
);

console.log(filteredNames); // ["Rahul"]

⚠️ Common Beginner Mistakes • Mistake 1: Forgetting that strings are zero-indexed

const word = "Hello";
console.log(word[0]); // H not e

• Mistake 2: Expecting string methods to modify the original string

const name = "rahul";
name.toUpperCase();
console.log(name); // still "rahul"

const upperName = name.toUpperCase(); // correct

• Mistake 3: Forgetting trim() • User input often has accidental spaces: " Rahul " • Mistake 4: Confusing split() and join() • split() → string → array • join() → array → string 💻 Practice • 1️⃣ Reverse a String: Given const word = "JavaScript"; Try to produce tpircSavaJ. Hint: split() + reverse() + join() • 2️⃣ Count Characters: Count characters in "JavaScript" • 3️⃣ Convert to Uppercase: Convert "javascript is powerful" to uppercase. • 4️⃣ Extract Text: From "JavaScript" extract Script • 5️⃣ Replace Text: Convert "I love Python" into "I love JavaScript" • 6️⃣ Clean User Input: Given const input = " HELLO JAVASCRIPT "; Produce hello javascript • 7️⃣ Challenge: Given const email = " USER@EXAMPLE.COM "; Create a cleaned version that: - Removes extra spaces - Converts everything to lowercase - Checks whether it contains @ - Prints "Valid email format" if it does. 🧠 Double Tap ❤️ For More ----- 1.44 ₽ · /balance_help

const fileName = "report.pdf";
console.log(fileName.endsWith(".pdf")); // true

🔹 Finding Positions 1️⃣3️⃣ indexOf() Returns the position of the first occurrence.

const message = "Hello JavaScript";
console.log(message.indexOf("JavaScript")); // 6
console.log(message.indexOf("Python")); // -1 - not found

1️⃣4️⃣ lastIndexOf() Returns the position of the last occurrence.

const text = "JavaScript is powerful. JavaScript is popular.";
console.log(text.lastIndexOf("JavaScript")); // 25

🔹 Extracting Parts of a String 1️⃣5️⃣ slice() slice() extracts part of a string.

const language = "JavaScript";
console.log(language.slice(0, 4)); // Java

The ending index is not included. • 0 → J • 1 → a • 2 → v • 3 → a • 4 → S • So slice(0, 4) returns characters from index 0 through 3. 1️⃣6️⃣ Negative Indexes You can use negative indexes with slice().

const language = "JavaScript";
console.log(language.slice(-6)); // Script

🔹 substring() 1️⃣7️⃣ substring() substring() can also extract part of a string.

const language = "JavaScript";
console.log(language.substring(0, 4)); // Java

For modern JavaScript code, slice() is often more convenient because it supports negative indexes. 🔹 Replacing Text 1️⃣8️⃣ replace() Replaces the first matching occurrence.

const message = "I like JavaScript";
const updated = message.replace("JavaScript", "Python");

console.log(updated); // I like Python

1️⃣9️⃣ replaceAll() Replaces all matching occurrences.

const message = "JavaScript is great. JavaScript is popular.";
const updated = message.replaceAll("JavaScript", "JS");
console.log(updated); // JS is great. JS is popular.

🔹 Splitting Strings 2️⃣0️⃣ split() split() converts a string into an array.

const names = "Amit,Priya,Rahul";
const result = names.split(",");
console.log(result); // ["Amit", "Priya", "Rahul"]

const sentence = "Learn JavaScript step by step";
const words = sentence.split(" ");
console.log(words); // ["Learn", "JavaScript", "step", "by", "step"]

🔹 Joining Data 2️⃣1️⃣ join() join() combines array elements into a string.

const words = ["Learn", "JavaScript"];
const sentence = words.join(" ");
console.log(sentence); // Learn JavaScript

Notice: • split() → string → array • join() → array → string ⭐ Template Literals 2️⃣2️⃣ What Are Template Literals? Template literals use backticks:

const message = `Hello`;

Their biggest advantage is easy string interpolation.

const name = "Rahul";
const age = 25;
const message = `My name is ${name} and I am ${age} years old.`;

console.log(message); // My name is Rahul and I am 25 years old.

2️⃣3️⃣ Expressions Inside Template Literals You can also use expressions.

const price = 1000;
const quantity = 3;
const total = `Total: ${price * quantity}`;
console.log(total); // Total: 3000

2️⃣4️⃣ Multi-line Strings Template literals make multi-line text easier.

const message = `
Hello Rahul,

Welcome to JavaScript.

Keep learning!
`;
console.log(message);

💻 JavaScript Roadmap 2026 — Part 8 🟢 Strings & String Methods Strings are used to represent text in JavaScript. Examples:

const name = "Rahul";
const city = "Pune";
const message = "Welcome to JavaScript";

Strings are used everywhere: • User names • Emails • Search queries • API responses • Messages • URLs • Form inputs • File names Understanding string manipulation is therefore essential. 1️⃣ Creating Strings JavaScript provides three common ways to create strings. • Double quotes:

const name = "Rahul";

• Single quotes:

const name = 'Rahul';

• Template literals:

const name = `Rahul`;

Template literals use backticks. They become especially useful when inserting variables into strings. 2️⃣ String Length Use .length to find the number of characters.

const message = "JavaScript";
console.log(message.length); // 10

Spaces are also counted.

const message = "Hello World";
console.log(message.length); // 11 - space is included

3️⃣ Accessing Characters Strings use zero-based indexing, just like arrays.

const language = "JavaScript";
console.log(language[0]); // J
console.log(language[4]); // S
console.log(language[language.length - 1]); // t - last character

4️⃣ Strings Are Immutable Strings cannot be changed directly.

const name = "Rahul";
name[0] = "K"; // Does NOT work

Instead, you create a new string:

const name = "Rahul";
const updatedName = "K" + name.slice(1);
console.log(updatedName); // Kahul

This concept of immutability is important when working with strings. 🔹 Changing Letter Case 5️⃣ toUpperCase() Converts a string to uppercase.

const name = "rahul";
console.log(name.toUpperCase()); // RAHUL

6️⃣ toLowerCase() Converts a string to lowercase.

const name = "RAHUL";
console.log(name.toLowerCase()); // rahul

A common real-world use:

const userInput = "ADMIN";
if (userInput.toLowerCase() === "admin") {
    console.log("Admin user");
}

🔹 Removing Unwanted Spaces 7️⃣ trim() trim() removes whitespace from the beginning and end of a string.

const name = " Rahul ";
console.log(name.trim()); // Rahul

This is extremely useful when processing form inputs. 8️⃣ trimStart() Removes whitespace from the beginning.

const text = " Hello";
console.log(text.trimStart()); // "Hello"

9️⃣ trimEnd() Removes whitespace from the end.

const text = "Hello ";
console.log(text.trimEnd()); // "Hello"

🔹 Searching Strings 🔟 includes() Checks whether a string contains specific text.

const message = "Welcome to JavaScript";
console.log(message.includes("JavaScript")); // true

const email = "user@gmail.com";
console.log(email.includes("@")); // true

1️⃣1️⃣ startsWith() Checks whether a string starts with specific text.

const url = "https://example.com";
console.log(url.startsWith("https")); // true

1️⃣2️⃣ endsWith() Checks whether a string ends with specific text.

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This concept leads directly into one of JavaScript's most important advanced topics: Closures. We'll cover closures separately later. 1️⃣9️⃣ Pure Functions A pure function generally: 1. Produces the same output for the same input. 2. Doesn't modify external state.

function add(a, b) {
    return a + b;
}

Every time: add(2, 3) returns: 5. A function that depends on changing external state can behave differently. Understanding pure functions becomes particularly useful when working with modern frontend frameworks. 🧠 Real-World Example Imagine an online shopping application.

function calculateDiscount(price, discount) {
    return price - discount;
}

function calculateTax(price, taxRate) {
    return price * taxRate;
}

let price = 2000;
let discountedPrice = calculateDiscount(price, 300);
let tax = calculateTax(discountedPrice, 0.18);

console.log(discountedPrice);
console.log(tax);

Instead of putting everything into one huge block of code, each function handles a specific responsibility. 🧠 Double Tap ❤️ For More ----- 2.84 ₽ · /balance_help