UPSC- Ek Sangharsh

🔆Water bodies in Asia: Important water bodies are: West to East: Red sea, Dead sea, Lake Van, Lake Urmia, Persian gulf, Caspian sea, Aral sea, Lake Balkhash, Lake Baikal etc. ▪️Red sea: ✅Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea and Djibouti. ✅Connected by Suez canal to Mediterranean sea. ✅ It is formed because of Rifting in Arabian peninsula. ✅ Important trade route. High piracy. ✅Strait of Bab Al Mandab connects it with Gulf of Gulf of Aden ▪️Dead sea: ✅ Bordered by Jordan and Israel. ✅ It is a land locked salt lake. ▪️Lake Van: ✅ Lies in Turkey ✅ Most saline water Body in Asia. ▪️ Lake Urmia: ✅ In Iran. ✅A Ramsar site. ▪️ Persian gulf: ✅ Bordered byIran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Oman. ✅ Persian gulf and its coastal areas are World’s largest single source of Petroleum. ✅ Strait of Hormuz connects it with Gulf of Oman. ▪️ Caspian sea: ✅ Bordered by Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan. ✅ Known for its Mineral wealth. ▪️ Aral sea: ✅ It is Bordered by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Russia, Afghanistan and Iran. ✅Formerly it was the fourth largest lake in world and now reduced to 1/10th of its size. ▪️Lake Baikal: ✅ It lies in Russia. ✅ It is a Rift lake. ✅ World’s largest Freshwater lake by volume. ✅PYQ MCQ'S CLICK HERE Join @Mapping_prelims_mains

🔆 Drilling in the North Sea ✅ U.K. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak recently backed plans for new fossil fuel drilling off Britain’s coast, worrying environment experts even as the world continues its stride towards irreversible climate change. ✅ The move will help Britain become more energy independent. ✅ The North Sea Transition Authority (NTSA), responsible for regulating oil, gas and carbon storage industries, expects the first of the new licences to be awarded in autumn, with the round expected to award over 100 licences in total. ▪️ History of drilling in North sea ✅ Geographically, the North Sea lies between England and Scotland on its west, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France on its south, and Norway, Denmark, and Germany on its east. ✅ The 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf was the first international legislation to establish the rights of countries over the continental shelves adjacent to their coastlines and paved the way for exploration in the North Sea. ✅ The treaty came into force in 1964, shortly after the U.K. Parliament passed the Continental Shelf Act. ✅ The Act provides for exploration and exploitation of the continental shelf based on the 1958 convention. ✅ It delineated the jurisdiction the U.K. had over oil and gas resources under the seabed near its shores. ✅ The first licence for exploration in the U.K. North Sea was awarded to British Petroleum (BP) in September 1964. ✅ In the next 15 years, BP started more than 15 fields in the U.K. North Sea (and four in the Norwegian North Sea). ✅ More British, European, and U.S. companies continued their exploration of the North Sea, and by the 1980s, there were over a hundred installations looking for oil and gas. ✅ The production from the North Sea peaked in 1999, when it produced 1,37,099 thousand tonnes of crude oil and natural gas liquids. ✅ By 2022, the total production declined to 38,037 thousand tonnes. ▪️ Concerns of offshore drilling 🔸Global warming and climate change ✅ Drilling in seas and oceans for fossil fuels not only aggravates the threat of climate change but also warms oceans and raises sea levels. 🔸Loss of biodiversity: ✅ Offshore drilling is associated with a direct risk to marine biodiversity, as well as with indirect risks to coral reefs, shellfish and the marine ecosystem from acidic waters because of carbon pollution settling into oceans. ▪️ Conclusion ✅ In its 2023 Progress Report to the U.K. Parliament, the Climate Change Committee (CCC) said that the U.K. has not adequately prepared for climate change under the second National Adaptation Programme. ✅ In the U.K., National Adaptation Programmes are statutory programmes that the government must follow to help prepare the country for climate change, as required under the Climate Change Act. ✅ The second National Adaptation Programme covered the period from 2018-2023. ✅ There is very limited evidence of the implementation of adaptation at the scale needed to fully prepare for climate risk. ✅ According to the Climate Action Tracker, U.K.’s climate action is not consistent with the Paris Agreement. ✅ Although its overall rating is almost sufficient, U.K.’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and long-term targets do not represent a fair share of the global effort to address climate change. ✅ Licensing new oil and gas extraction plans is incompatible with the 1.5°C limit in the rise in temperature. #prelims #geography @CSE_EXAM @Mapping_prelims_mains

M. S. Swaminathan, Scientist Who Helped Conquer Famine in India, Dies at 98 Called the father of India’s Green Revolution, he served on agencies and boards around the world and developed a system of ecologically safe food production. Source

🔆A holistic approach to disaster management ✅ Why in News : The 3rd Session of the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) was held in New Delhi. ✅ It deliberated on 10-point agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction given by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the Sendai Framework ✅Theme: “Building Local Resilience in a Changing Climate” PM’s 10-Point Agenda: 1. Importance of Local Resilience in Disaster Risk Reduction E.g. ✅Prime Minister’s 10-Point Agenda: Building local capacities and initiatives ✅ Kutch (Gujarat): Bhunga houses of Kutch survived the earthquake to a large extent ✅ Kerala: Traditional houses known as "Nalukettu," are built with sloping roofs to prevent waterlogging during floods. ✅Local Disaster volunteers: e.g. Apada Mitra, Yuvak Mandal and Sakhi Mandal 2. Need for Development Sectors to Imbibe Principles of Disaster Risk Management 3. Importance of Risk Coverage for All 4. Women’s Leadership and Greater Involvement in Disaster Risk Management 5. Investment in Global Risk Mapping 6. Leveraging Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction 7. Developing a Network of Universities to Work on Disaster-Related Issues 8. Utilizing social media and Mobile Technologies for Disaster Risk Reduction 9. Learning from Disasters through Post-Disaster Studies 10. Need for Greater Cohesion in International Response to Disasters E.g., in wake of the recent Earthquake in Syria and Turkey, United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) activated its emergency GIS mapping service. ✅Disaster Risk Reduction : It is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risks and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development. Initiatives for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) : ▪️Global ✅Sendai Framework (2015): Successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) ✅Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2022 ✅Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) (Under the World Meteorological Organization): It provides access to early warnings in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS). ✅ Sectoral Guide on Climate Information & Early Warning Systems (by Green Climate Fund): It identifies investment opportunities in him impact sector for DRR ▪️India’s Initiatives: ✅Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure Society (CDRIS): To increase the resilience of infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks ✅ National Disaster Management Plan 2016 (NDMP): To coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response. ✅India aims to achieve zero mortality in all disasters in collaboration with state governments and response agencies ✅The Disaster Management Act, 2005, seeks to mainstream disaster risk reduction into development planning. #disaster_management #mains Join @CSE_EXAM @Mapping_prelims_mains

Bharat 6G Vision Document:

🔆6 G: ✅It is the successor to 5G cellular technology. ✅It will be able to use higher frequencies than 5G networks. ✅It provide substantially higher capacity and much lower latency (delay). ✅One of the goals of 6G internet will be to support one microsecond-latency communication (delay of one-microsecond in communication). ✅This is 1,000 times faster or 1/1000th the latency than one millisecond throughput. ✅It seeks to utilize the terahertz band of frequency which is currently unutilized.

Neurodiversity ✅Neurodiversity in the workplace refers to people with neurodivergent conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia and Asperger's Syndrome. ✅Definition according to Harvard Health Publish : Neurodiversity is a notion that every person interacts and experiences their surroundings differently. ✅There is no right way of thinking, learning, or/and behaving.  ✅These differences should not be construed as defects or disorders JOIN @Mindmaps_4_upsc