Vet Med Info 🩺

🗞 BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER (Three Day Sickness, Bovine Epizootic Fever) 🐄 BEF is a viral disease caused by a bullet to cone shaped virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family. This virus can be inactivated by heating at 37°C for 17 hours & is also sensitive to ether. This virus is usually found in larger animals in the age range of 6 months to 2 years; more often in immunosuppressed (Vitamin E & Selenium deficient) animals. ✓ Transmission • By bite of sand fly (Ceratopogonidae) or mosquito (Culex/Culicoides) • By injection of whole blood or used needle from diseased animal No transmission by direct contact, nasal secretions or vertical transmission ✓ Clinical signs Incubation period ------- 2-10 days Virus can be detected as viremia in 5 days post virus entry. After viremia, virus localize in mesodermal tissues (joints, muscles, lymph nodes) to develop clinical signs & then move on to grow in reticuloendothelial cells, lungs & spleen • Intermittent fever • Shivering & Muscle trembling • Marked anorexia & reduced milk yield • Hypersalivation & Lacrimation • Nasal secretions (from lung edema by seepage of fluid from blood vessels into lung tissue due to endothelium damage) • Rapid fast breathing (moist rales sounds on expiration) • Enlarged lymph nodes • Crepitation feels on pressing vertebral muscles • Animal decline to move due to stiff, hard, painful muscles (usually seen in standing posture initially due to pain & difficulty in bending joints, then if sits remain in this posture due to motor paralysis pain & difficulty in bending joints) In advanced cases, • Recumbency (Sternal then lateral) • Teeth grinding & Groaning • Aspiration pneumonia & death may occur (from regurgitation of ruminal fluid) ✓ Post-disease Complications • Reduced milk yield • Delayed next estrus • Prone to mastitis & pneumonia • Early exhaustion ✓ Treatment • Control endotoxemia by using Meloxicam (better) or Flunixin meglumine We can also use the following protocol to counteract respirator signs Meloxicam / Flunixin meglumine 10cc (IM) Pheneramine maleate 10cc (IM) Atropine 5cc (SC) Use this protocol after every 2-3 hours until the animal recovers itself from the respiratory form of BEF • Antibiotic therapy - Trimethoprim + Sulphadiazine - Florfenicol OR Marbofloxacin • Counteract lung edema Inj. Furosemide • Improve immunity Inj. Selevit 10cc (SC) 1 shot • Counteract locomotory signs by using Calcium borogluconate (Calcio pH, Ca Forte) Joint wash with Mg sulphate solution or oral drench of Mg sulphate (30g/day) for 7-10 days Joint massage with Kaolin poultice or turmeric powder paste If an animal has got recumbent, then roll in sidewards as well as massage limbs with hand to improve mobility.

🗞 Heat Stress Hits Cattle Before You Feel It 🐄 #DairyFarmers

When properly treating a toe ulcer, it is paramount that the entire claw is rested. Here you can see that no part of the ulcerated claw is touching the floor.

Notice the huge event line on the cellulitis foot. I just found out the horse had cellulitis flare up at that time. The hoof capsule was tiny compared to the elephant like swollen leg. The horse responded to treatment but the event line tells the story.

We usually think of telmisartan as a drug for managing hypertension. A newly published pilot study suggests it may also exert antioxidative effects in healthy dogs. ▪️In this prospective pilot study, 8 healthy adult Beagles received 10 mg of telmisartan orally once daily (approximately 0.95–1.2 mg/kg) for 28 days. Investigators evaluated oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines, hematologic parameters, arterial blood pressure, and clinical safety throughout the study. Compared with baseline, telmisartan administration was associated with significant increases in: • Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity • Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity • Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) These findings suggest increased antioxidant activity during the treatment period. In contrast, no significant changes were detected in arterial blood pressure, CBC parameters, or the measured cytokine and chemokine profiles. Although IL-8 concentrations decreased in most dogs, this trend did not reach statistical significance. Seven of the eight dogs also lost weight during the study, with a median decrease of 4.9% over the 28-day period. The authors propose that these findings may be related to telmisartan's unique pharmacologic profile as both an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) and a partial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, which has been associated with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory pathways in experimental studies. Clinical perspective These findings should be interpreted cautiously. This was a small, uncontrolled pilot study involving only 8 healthy dogs, with each dog's baseline measurements serving as its own control. While telmisartan was associated with increased antioxidant activity, these biochemical changes do not establish clinical benefit. Further controlled clinical trials are needed to determine whether these effects translate into improved outcomes in dogs with naturally occurring inflammatory or oxidative stress-related diseases. ▪️ Credit: VetEd

🩺 Corneal opacity is a loss of the cornea's normal transparency, causing a cloudy appearance and affecting vision by preventing light from reaching the retina properly. Common causes :- 1-Thieleria 2-MCF 3-BVD 4- Ammonia 5- hyper sensitivity 6- deficiency of vit A 7 - Moraxella bovis 8-trauma 9-Thelazia 10 - Rickettisa

🩺 Accurate Diagnosis Crucial in Veterinary Practice: Case Study of Peritonitis #Importance of Accurate Diagnosis in Veterinary Practice A buffalo was presented at the outdoor clinic after having been previously examined by field veterinarians. Because the metal detector result was negative, vets declared the case negative for peritonitis and treated it accordingly for several days — but there was no clinical improvement. When I re-evaluated the animal, the clinical findings suggested a different picture. 🔎 Physical Examination: Persistent anorexia Reduced rumen motility Tense, distended abdomen typical of generalized peritoneal inflammation Stiff, tucked-up stance, reluctant to move Pain on deep abdominal palpation These signs were strongly suggestive of peritoneal inflammation, regardless of metal detection findings. Since no metallic object was involved, classic signs of TRP such as jugular distension or right heart compromise were absent. To further assess the case — and to clearly demonstrate the condition to the owner — I performed abdominocentesis. 🧪 Gross Appearance of Peritoneal Fluid: Turbid and cloudy (not clear and transparent as normal fluid) Contained visible fibrin strands Inflammatory in gross appearance Cloudiness and fibrin indicate an inflammatory exudate, consistent with diffuse peritonitis. 📌 Clinical Takeaway In field practice, many clinicians equate: Peritonitis = TRP While traumatic reticuloperitonitis is a common cause, it is not the only cause. Peritonitis can also develop secondary to: Gastrointestinal perforation or leakage Uterine rupture (especially postpartum) Abscess rupture Severe enteritis Any compromise of abdominal organ integrity ▪️A negative metal detector does not rule out peritonitis. Diagnosis should rely on systemic signs and peritoneal fluid assessment, not solely on metallic foreign body detection.

🩺 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭-𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐬: A 𝙲𝚑𝚊𝚕𝚕𝚊𝚗𝚐𝚎 𝚘𝚗 𝙳𝚊𝚒𝚛𝚢 𝙵𝚊𝚛𝚖 🐄 ▪️Credit: mark Njoroge muhia (Senior Dairy Manager)

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Observe Anaplasmosis

🩺Pregnancy diagnosis in large animals (cattle) using Membrane Slip test through Rectal palpation: The membrane slip test is based on palpation of the fetal membranes (chorioallantoic membrane) as they pass between the examiner's thumb and forefinger. During early gestation, the developing fetal membranes separate from the uterine wall and can be gently "slipped," providing a reliable indication of pregnancy. positive membrane slip is considered a reliable presumptive sign of pregnancy when interpreted alongside other findings such as uterine asymmetry, increased uterine fluid, amniotic vesicle, placentomes (later gestation), and the corpus luteum.

🩺 The Immutable Laws Of Ruminant Nutrition 🐄

▪️ At 𝙑𝙚𝙩 𝙈𝙚𝙙 𝙄𝙣𝙛𝙤 🩺, our mission is to polish your diagnostic skills with practical, evidence-based clinical knowledge that every veterinarian needs in the field. 💡 Stay Tuned for our upcoming posts on physical examination. 📎Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/share/1HTvFTcVAe/ Level up your diagnostics....

"On the farm, during the day or in the middle of the night, the veterinarian do not have ready access to a diagnostic laboratory for the rapid determination of a cow's serum calcium level if milk fever is suspected. As a practitioner, you must be an 𝗮𝘀𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 and a skillful user of the physical diagnostic skills of visual observation, auscultation, palpation, percussion, succussion, ballottement, and olfactory perception. On the farm, your clinical findings, including the events of the recent disease history of an animal, are often much more powerful, diagnostically, than laboratory data. It therefore becomes increasingly important that your clinical examination should be carefully and thoughtfully carried out so that all clinically significant abnormalities have been detected." — 𝚅𝚎𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚒𝚗𝚊𝚛𝚢 𝙼𝚎𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚒𝚗𝚎, 11𝚝𝚑 𝙴𝚍𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗 (𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚋𝚕𝚎 𝚎𝚝 𝚊𝚕.)

In any therapeutic protocol ' please avoid using oxytetracycline along with sodabicarb( Even for different routes at the same time ). Oxytetracycline is a bacteriostatic broad spectrum antibiotic. Soda makes body fluid and urine pH alkaline and oxy works effectively in acidic pH. This instability leads to ineffective oxytetracycline against bacteria and there ll be high risk of drug precipitation results in crystal formation in kidney tubules causing crystalluria results in mechanical damage and inflammation ( Kidney failure). Condition becomes more exaggerated when an animal is dehydrated.. The same is true for sulphonamides and amino glycosides drugs...

While surgical repair of congenital teat fistulas in dairy cows carries an excellent prognosis, postoperative mastitis is the strongest predictor of recurrence in acquired cases, underscoring the critical role of infection control in achieving successful outcomes.

🗞 𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒏 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑷𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒘 🐄 Many diseases affect pulse rate in animal. The first signs of illness may be mild& may go unnoticed, but with close attention paid to vital signs (taking the animal’s pulse,clues may be found. Pulse give information regard to cardio-vascular abnormalities.......Continue Read Complete Article on our Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18pPyjoVRU/

🗞 𝙄𝙢𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙇𝙞𝙢𝙚 (𝘾𝙖𝙡𝙘𝙞𝙪𝙢 𝘾𝙖𝙧𝙗𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙚) 𝙞𝙣 𝙙𝙖𝙞𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙜. 🐄 The majority of dairy cows will spend the winter months lying in cubicles, which are a potential source of mastitis if not properly managed. An effective control for mastitis-causing bacteria on these cubicles is lime. ▪️Lime is an effective product to control bacteria on the cubicles as it increases pH of cubicle bed surface, which suppresses bacterial growth. ▪️It is recommended that 170g hydrated lime/cubicle is used twice daily during the housed period. All excess dung, dirt or moisture should be scraped off the cubicles before new lime is applied. With many cows on farms going to be getting selective dry cow therapy (SDCT), it is important that this is done correctly & hygiene levels are maintained during dry period. For farms that have cows dried-off using sealer only, it is important that each of these cows has a cubicle. Ideally, there should be extra cubicles in a shed, but at the very least each cow should have a cubicle.