مكتبة كُلية الصيدلة/مرحلة2
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فسلجة نظري محاضرة 5
Cardiovascular system part 1
الجهاز القلبي البارت الاول غير مترجم
Q5/
6. List the extra-chromosomal elements and explain it briefly.?
جواب يلي بلون الاحمر تعددوهن وتريد شرح عنهن بشكل بسيط
Q5/
1. Enumerate the requirement of bacteria growth and explain one of them.?
يعني تريد تعددون الها واي نقطه تعجبكم اشرحوها بشكل مختصر
٤.flagella and pilli
1. Structure:
- Flagella: Flagella are long, whip-like appendages that extend from the surface of a cell.
- Pili: Pili, are shorter, hair-like structures found on the surface of some bacteria.
2. Function:
- Flagella: Flagella are primarily involved in cell motility,
- Pili: Pili play a role in adhesion to surfaces, Some pili are also involved in the transfer of genetic material between bacteria (conjugation).
3. Number and Distribution:
- Flagella: Bacteria typically have a few flagella.
- Pili: Bacteria can have numerous pili.
3.commensal and pathogenic microorganism
الحل
1. Relationship with Host:
- Commensal Microorganisms: They reside in or on the host without causing harm and may even provide benefits such as aiding in ingestion.
- Pathogenic Microorganisms: Pathogenic microorganisms cause harm to their host by causing disease. They can damage tissues, trigger immune responses.
2. Impact on Host Health:
- Commensal Microorganisms: generally do not cause disease in healthy individuals and may contribute to overall host health.
- Pathogenic Microorganisms: Pathogenic microorganisms have the potential to cause disease, leading to symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe illness or even death.
3. Response to Host Immune System:
- commensal organism they may even contribute to the development and regulation of the host's immune responses.
- Pathogenic Microorganisms: often trigger an immune response in the host,
2.generalized and specialized transduction.. الحل
- Mechanism: Generalized transduction involves the transfer of random bacterial DNA fragments by a bacteriophage, while specialized transduction transfers specific genes located near the phage integration site.
- Specificity: Generalized transduction is non-specific and can transfer any bacterial gene, whereas specialized transduction is more specific and only transfers genes located near the integration site of the prophage.
