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Repost from UPSC Editorial analysis
🔆How is Typhoid fever diagnosed
📍Widal test and it's alternatives
Widal Test:
✅It is a test done for diagnosing typhoid fever.
✅Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, and it is commonly spread through contaminated food or water.
✅The symptoms mimic those of malaria, dengue, influenza, and typhus, to name a few, making it difficult to diagnose without proper testing.
✅The widal test is a serological test that detects antibodies against the bacteria in a patient’s blood sample, indicating whether or not they have been infected with the bacteria.
📍Limitations:
✅A single positive Widal test report doesn’t necessarily mean a typhoid infection is present, and a negative report doesn’t confirm the disease’s absence
✅The reagents used in the Widal test to reveal the presence of various antibodies can cross-react with antibodies produced against infections by other bacteria,
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Repost from UPSC Editorial analysis
🔆Giving primacy to human development
📍India and HDI:
✅India ranked 134 out of 193 countries in the UN Human Development Index (HDI) in 2022,
✅Improvement compared to 2021, when it ranked 135 out of 192 countries.
One point increase is attributed to a marginal increase in HDI value to 644 in 2022 from 0.633 in 2021.
✅It places India in the medium human development category.
Between 1990 and 2022, India witnessed an increase in HDI value by 4%, that is, from 0.434 in 1990 to 0.644 in 2022.
✅It fell behind Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and China.
✅The medium human development category of countries includes Myanmar, Ghana, Kenya, Congo and Angola.
✅The index on which India registered an improvement is the Gender Inequality Index.
In 2022, India was ranked 108 out of 193 countries, while in 2021, it ranked 122 out of 191 countries.
✅India has one of the largest gender gaps in its labor force participation rate as there exists a 8% difference between women (28.3%) and men (76.1%).
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Repost from UPSC Editorial analysis
🔆India is facing dual Nutrition Challenge
India’s premier nutrition research institute has published comprehensive guidelines on the diet of vulnerable groups, including pregnant and lactating women, and children and the elderly.
Dual nutrition challenge faced by India
📍Micronutrient Deficiencies:
✅Incidence of micronutrient deficiencies, including zinc, iron, and vitamins, is prevalent among children aged 1 to 19, with rates ranging from 13% to 30%.
✅Anaemia remains a significant concern, with prevalence rates of 40.6%, 23.5%, and 28.4% in children under age 5, ages 5-9, and 10-19, respectively.
📍Persistence of Undernutrition and Emergence of Overnutrition:
✅While severe forms of undernutrition like marasmus and kwashiorkor have decreased, anaemia persists, indicating ongoing nutritional challenges.
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