Waters of Memory

Genetic breakdown of the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age gallery grave samples at Fredriksberg in Falbygden, Sweden 🇸🇪.

Genetic breakdowns for Ob-Irtysh Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers (7000-4000BC) right = c('Mbuti.DG','Russia_Altai_UP.AG','Russia_MA1_UP.SG','Russia_Arkhangelsk_Veretye.SG','Russia_Minino_Veretye.AG','Ukraine_Mesolithic.AG','Russia_Kolyma_Mesolithic.SG','Russia_Buryatia_Mesolithic.SG','Russia_DevilsCave_N.SG')

Genetic breakdown of Okunevo Culture.

Se should be below 0.05

Genetic breakdowns for the Early & Late Viking age Greenland.

Genetic distance and breakdown for an Iron Age Norwegian from Nordland 🇳🇴 Dated to ~138 CE, placing him in the Late Proto-Germanic to Early Proto-Norse period Coordinates: Norway_North_Pre_Viking.SG:hvr009__AD_138,0.133173,0.127957,0.073916,0.063308,0.046162,0.019801,0.003055,0.003,0.003068,-0.009112,-0.014615,0.002997,-0.010258,-0.009634,0.027144,0.007425,-0.002477,0.001774,0.003771,0.01088,0.007487,0.005564,0.000246,0.010122,-0.005149

Genetic distance and breakdown for an Iron Age Norwegian from Nordland 🇳🇴 Dated to ~138 CE, placing him in the Late Proto-Germanic to Early Proto-Norse period Coordinates: Norway_North_Pre_Viking.SG:hvr009__AD_138,0.133173,0.127957,0.073916,0.063308,0.046162,0.019801,0.003055,0.003,0.003068,-0.009112,-0.014615,0.002997,-0.010258,-0.009634,0.027144,0.007425,-0.002477,0.001774,0.003771,0.01088,0.007487,0.005564,0.000246,0.010122,-0.005149

Genetic breakdown of a Bronze Age Neo-Siberian individual (kra001) from the Krasnoyarsk Krai. KilincSciAdv2021

Genetic breakdowns for modern East Slavs using the HO dataset left = c('Czechia_EBA_CordedWare_PNL001.AG','Poland_Koszyce_GlobularAmphora.SG','Russia_Krasnoyarsk_BA.SG','Russia_UpperVolga_Eneolithic_Volosovo.SG','Latvia_Mesolithic.AG') right = c('Mbuti.DG','Russia_Steppe_Eneolithic.AG','Russia_Khvalynsk_Eneolithic.AG','Russia_Afanasievo.AG','Germany_Saxony_LBK_N.AG','Germany_MN_Baalberge.AG','Russia_CentralYakutia_LN.SG','Russia_KolymaRiver_LN.SG','Russia_Mesolithic_Veretye.SG','Russia_Ural_N.SG','Russia_MA1_UP.SG','Poland_BKG_o2.SG','Sweden_Mesolithic.SG','Switzerland_Bichon_Epipaleolithic.SG')

Genetic breakdown of Ancient North Siberians (ANS).

~62.4% Kostenki14 (Early West Eurasians) ~37.6% Tianyuan (Basal East Asian)

The Yana RHS human remains represent the earliest direct evidence of human presence in northeastern Siberia, a population that refers to as Ancient North Siberians.

The two Yana RHS individuals were unrelated males who carry mitochondrial haplogroup U (which is predominant among ancient West Eurasian hunter-gatherers) and Y chromosome haplogroup P1, which is ancestral to haplogroups Q and R.

Using qpf4ratio, about 2% Neanderthal ancestry is estimated in the Yana RHS genomes.

the Yana RHS individuals are genetically closer to West Eurasians (Sunghir & Kostenki14).

SikoraNature2019

Distal qpadm models for a selection of modern Northern Europeans using the HO dataset right = c('Cameroon_SMA','Russia_MA1_HG.SG','Turkey_Epipaleolithic','Switzerland_Bichon.SG','Georgia_Satsurblia.SG','Russia_Sidelkino_HG.SG','Turkey_Boncuklu_N','Russia_CentralYakutia_LN.SG','Russia_KolymaRiver_LN.SG')

Distal qpadm models for a selection of modern Northern Europeans using the HO dataset right = c('Cameroon_SMA','Russia_MA1_HG.SG','Turkey_Epipaleolithic','Switzerland_Bichon.SG','Georgia_Satsurblia.SG','Russia_Sidelkino_HG.SG','Turkey_Boncuklu_N','Russia_CentralYakutia_LN.SG','Russia_KolymaRiver_LN.SG')

Genetic breakdowns for Scandinavian Hunter Gatherers right = c('Cameroon_SMA','Italy_Gravettian_Vestonice_PA12','Georgia_Kotias_UP','Russia_MA1_HG.SG','Russia_AfontovaGora3','Belgium_UP_Magdalenian','Spain_ElMiron','Italy_Epigravettian_AC16','Russia_Arkhangelsk_Veretye_Mesolithic.SG','Israel_Natufian')

Eneolithic, Mesolithic-Early Neolithic and Upper Paleolithic breakdowns for Dutch Bell Beakers

Neolithic breakdown for Yamnaya

More proximal models for WSHG and Botai using new samples right = c('Cameroon_SMA','Russia_Yana_UP.SG','Italy_Gravettian_Vestonice_PA12','Georgia_Kotias_UP','Russia_MA1_HG.SG','China_AmurRiver_LPaleolithic','Russia_Siberia_UP','Russia_LenaRiver_LUP.SG','Russia_Arkhangelsk_Veretye_Mesolithic.SG','Russia_Mesolithic_Minino_1')

Estimating Neanderthal Admixture in Stone Age Populations Keep in mind that I haven't done this before, so I may have gotten some things wrong. Overall, the results seem consistent with studies I've read on a few of these samples. Here's my takeaway; 1. Some IUP samples have genuine extra Neanderthal admixture aside what they'd have from Crown Eurasian. Particularly, Oase 1 has been estimated in studies to have 6-9% Neanderthal admixture from a recent ancestor. 2. Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europeans without supposed "Basal Eurasian" admixture do have slightly more than Middle Eastern stone age populations that supposedly do. However, it doesn't seem like anything that significant. Sometimes the standard errors could have the values overlap when comparing two from either group. It's still possible that Proto-Aurignacians could've encountered some remnant Neanderthals and admixed with them on their way to Europe. Overall, I still don't see why any of this needs to be explained by Basal Eurasian.

Genetic breakdown for the Early Viking Age Salme Ship Burial samples of Saaremaa, Estonia Believed to have originated in the Mälaren region of Central Sweden, the Salme ship burial represents one of the earliest known instances of an attempted Viking raid. Most of the individuals aboard these ships appear to have died in battle, likely at the hands of the local Osselians. Y-DNA: I1a (x20), R1a (x7), N1c (x7) right = c('Cameroon_SMA','Russia_Arkhangelsk_Veretye_Mesolithic.SG','Italy_Epigravettian_Tagliente','Russia_Samara_HG','Sweden_Motala_HG','Russia_Tyumen_HG','Turkey_N','Russia_Steppe_Eneolithic','Russia_Khvalynsk_Eneolithic','Russia_CentralYakutia_LN.SG','Russia_KolymaRiver_LN.SG','Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya')

Genetic breakdowns for Viking Age Norwegians and two outliers from Northern Norway 🇳🇴 Norway_Viking.SG: right = c('Cameroon_SMA','Russia_Arkhangelsk_Veretye_Mesolithic.SG','Italy_Epigravettian_Tagliente','Russia_Samara_HG','Sweden_Motala_HG','Russia_Tyumen_HG','Turkey_N','Russia_Steppe_Eneolithic','Russia_Khvalynsk_Eneolithic','Russia_CentralYakutia_LN.SG','Russia_KolymaRiver_LN.SG','Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya') Outliers: right = c('Cameroon_SMA','Russia_Arkhangelsk_Veretye_Mesolithic.SG','Italy_Epigravettian_Tagliente','Russia_Samara_HG','Sweden_Motala_HG','Russia_Tyumen_HG','Russia_Sosnoviy_HG','Estonia_EMN_Narva','Latvia_HG','Russia_Karelia_HG','Norway_LN_BA.SG','Latvia_MN_Comb_Ware.SG','Turkey_N','Russia_Steppe_Eneolithic','Russia_Khvalynsk_Eneolithic','Russia_CentralYakutia_LN.SG','Russia_KolymaRiver_LN.SG','Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya','Russia_Afanasievo')