- رُكْـنُ الْجَامِعَـةِ

· D) Reduced data security Answer: B

Answer: C --- 22. According to the lecture, data analytics in labs is compared to: · A) A microscope · B) A crystal ball · C) A barcode scanner · D) A paper file Answer: B --- 23. One benefit of lab data management is real-time data entry, which leads to: · A) More paper usage · B) Improved data accuracy and reliability · C) Increased errors · D) Slower decision-making Answer: B --- 24. Automating routine tasks such as sample tracking and results input enhances: · A) Data loss · B) Productivity and efficiency · C) Manual workload · D) Paper storage needs Answer: B --- 25. A centralized data repository allows lab staff to: · A) Work only from one physical location · B) Access real-time information from anywhere · C) Eliminate all data security · D) Avoid using LIMS Answer: B --- 26. How does LIMS contribute to cost savings? · A) By increasing paper-based recordkeeping · B) By automating manual tasks and reducing operational costs · C) By creating more rework · D) By delaying test results Answer: B --- 27. LIMS can automatically generate customizable reports and analytics based on: · A) Random guesses · B) Collected data · C) External weather data · D) Paper logs only Answer: B --- 28. Evaluating the accuracy, precision, and reliability of lab tests is referred to as: · A) Data input · B) Performance system of measurement · C) Middleware · D) Data deletion Answer: B --- 29. Which of the following is a benefit of enhanced reporting and analytics in LIMS? · A) Meeting stakeholders' specific needs · B) Increasing manual data entry · C) Reducing test accuracy · D) Eliminating all quality control Answer: A --- 30. The lecture mentions that data management transforms large volumes of data into: · A) More raw data · B) Valuable insights (information or knowledge) · C) Paper archives · D) Unusable facts Answer: B --- 31. Interoperability in laboratory data management means: · A) Data is kept in isolation · B) Different systems can exchange and use data · C) Paper records are preferred · D) Only one instrument is used Answer: B --- 32. Which device is mentioned as common for data input during the input stage? · A) Microscope · B) Centrifuge · C) Keyboard and scanner · D) Thermometer Answer: C --- 33. Bidirectional communication in middleware refers to: · A) One-way data flow · B) Communication between lab instruments and LIS/EHR both ways · C) Paper-based communication only · D) Patient-doctor direct chat Answer: B --- 34. Data governance in laboratories is important because they handle: · A) Non-sensitive information · B) Sensitive patient information · C) Only public data · D) No data at all Answer: B --- 35. Which of the following is an example of data standardization? · A) Using different units for each test · B) Adopting HL7 and LOINC standards · C) Storing data in random folders · D) Avoiding EHR integration Answer: B --- 36. What is one way LIMS ensures accuracy with EHR integration? · A) By avoiding electronic records · B) By automatically inputting lab results from different instruments · C) By using only manual entry · D) By deleting old data Answer: B --- 37. According to the lecture, what happens after LIMS receives a sample via barcode scanning? · A) The sample is discarded · B) The system performs tracking operations · C) Paper records are printed exclusively · D) Data is deleted Answer: B --- 38. Why can integrating laboratory data with other healthcare systems be complex? · A) Because all systems use identical protocols · B) Due to varying data structures and communication protocols · C) Because no standards exist · D) Due to lack of data Answer: B --- 39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of lab data management? · A) Centralized data access · B) Cost savings · C) Increased paper waste · D) Enhanced reporting Answer: C --- 40. The ultimate goal of lab data management, according to the lecture, is to enable: · A) More paper-based storage · B) Accurate and on-time decision-making · C) Slower test results

1. According to the lecture, what is the correct hierarchy from raw facts to applied rules? · A) Information → Data → Knowledge · B) Data → Knowledge → Information · C) Data → Information → Knowledge · D) Knowledge → Data → Information Answer: C --- 2. A patient’s temperature reading of 38.3°C is considered an example of: · A) Information · B) Knowledge · C) Data · D) Wisdom Answer: C --- 3. Stating that "A temperature of 38.3°C is considered a mild fever" is an example of: · A) Data · B) Information · C) Knowledge · D) Integration Answer: B --- 4. "A fever of 38.3°C may indicate an infection, prompting further tests" represents: · A) Data · B) Information · C) Knowledge · D) Raw input Answer: C --- 5. Which of the following is a disadvantage of paper-based data management mentioned in the lecture? · A) Faster data entry · B) Easy integration with EHR · C) Vulnerable to loss or damage · D) Real-time tracking Answer: C --- 6. Electronic management systems help to: · A) Increase manual recording errors · B) Reduce accessibility · C) Streamline data entry and reduce errors · D) Require more physical storage Answer: C --- 7. Lab Data Management is defined as the process of collecting, organizing, and storing data to produce: · A) More raw data · B) Meaningful information · C) Paper records · D) Unstructured facts Answer: B --- 8. Which of the following is NOT listed as a stage in the data lifecycle? · A) Data Collection · B) Data Deletion · C) Data Governance and Security · D) Middleware Solutions Answer: B --- 9. Clinical laboratories generate massive data daily from all of the following EXCEPT: · A) Automated analysers · B) Electronic health records (EHRs) · C) Manual data entry · D) Patient's social media history Answer: D --- 10. Data preparation includes cleaning, standardization, and: · A) Encryption · B) Organization · C) Barcode scanning · D) Middleware installation Answer: B --- 11. Replacing "N/A" in test results with valid data is an example of: · A) Data input · B) Data cleaning · C) Data analytics · D) Middleware solution Answer: B --- 12. HL7 and LOINC are examples of standards used for: · A) Data encryption · B) Data visualization · C) Standardization and interoperability · D) Manual data entry Answer: C --- 13. Grouping test results by patient ID and test date is an example of: · A) Data cleaning · B) Data organization · C) Middleware · D) Audit trail Answer: B --- 14. Which system is specifically mentioned for capturing data, tracking samples, and inputting results from lab instruments? · A) EHR only · B) LIMS (Laboratory Information Management System) · C) Paper-based logbook · D) Microsoft Excel Answer: B --- 15. A lab technician using a barcode scanner to supply a sample ID to LIMS is part of which data processing stage? · A) Data Governance · B) Data Analytics · C) Data Input · D) Integration Challenges Answer: C --- 16. Assigning role-based access to staff members to view patient data falls under: · A) Data Analytics · B) Data Governance and Security · C) Middleware Solutions · D) Data Collection Answer: B --- 17. Encryption and audit trails are essential for: · A) Data cleaning · B) Protecting sensitive patient information · C) Increasing manual errors · D) Reducing data standardization Answer: B --- 18. A genetic lab recording blood type as "A+" but hospital EHR expecting "A positive" is an example of: · A) Data Governance · B) Integration Challenge · C) Middleware benefit · D) Data cleaning success Answer: B --- 19. Middleware is sometimes referred to as: · A) Hardware glue · B) Software glue · C) Data cleaner · D) LIMS replacement Answer: B --- 20. Middleware acts as a bridge between laboratory instruments and: · A) Only paper records · B) LIS/EHR systems · C) Patient waiting rooms · D) External printers Answer: B --- 21. Analyzing large amounts of healthcare data to identify patterns for better care is called: · A) Data input · B) Data Governance · C) Data Analytics, Reporting and Decision Support · D) Middleware

--- 20. Stakeholder involvement in planning ensures: A) Only managers make decisions B) Everyone works toward the same goals C) Faster test results D) Lower costs Answer: B) Everyone works toward the same goals --- 21. Data-driven decisions in laboratory planning mean: A) Guessing based on experience B) Using real information and facts C) Following only the manager’s opinion D) Ignoring past performance Answer: B) Using real information and facts --- 22. Having a ‘Plan B’ in case something unexpected happens refers to: A) Flexibility B) Rigidity C) Stakeholder involvement D) SMART criteria Answer: A) Flexibility --- 23. A vision statement example from the lecture is: A) Provide accurate and fast test results B) Be the best lab in the city C) Reduce errors by 10% D) Train staff on faster testing Answer: B) Be the best lab in the city --- 24. A mission statement example from the lecture is: A) Provide the fastest lab results in the city B) Be the best lab in the city C) Reduce turnaround time D) Check equipment daily Answer: A) Provide the fastest lab results in the city --- 25. If a lab’s goal is “Reduce the time it takes to complete tests,” a corresponding objective could be: A) Become a leading laboratory B) Provide accurate results C) Finish standard blood tests within 24 hours D) Assign 2 technicians per shift Answer: C) Finish standard blood tests within 24 hours --- 26. An action plan (AP) for improving lab services might include: A) Writing a new vision statement B) Buying new equipment and training staff C) Setting a long-term dream D) Defining the lab’s mission Answer: B) Buying new equipment and training staff --- 27. Which of the following is part of operational planning (OP) for efficient workflow? A) To be a leading medical lab B) Ensure reliable equipment performance C) Reduce errors by 10% in 6 months D) Become the best lab in the city Answer: B) Ensure reliable equipment performance --- 28. According to the lecture, which of the following is a key component of strategic planning? A) Daily staff lunch schedules B) Policies, SOPs, and resource allocation C) Individual employee performance reviews D) Building maintenance schedule Answer: B) Policies, SOPs, and resource allocation --- 29. Prioritizing key areas when setting goals and objectives helps to: A) Improve results effectively B) Increase the number of goals C) Avoid using data D) Eliminate the need for a vision Answer: A) Improve results effectively --- 30. What should a lab do to ensure compliance and standards? A) Ignore safety equipment B) Follow lab accreditation standards C) Avoid risk management D) Skip workflow design Answer: B) Follow lab accreditation standards

1. According to the lecture, planning is the process where managers set the lab's mission, vision, goals, and objectives and decide the best strategies to achieve them. What is this definition describing? A) Organizing B) Planning C) Controlling D) Staffing Answer: B) Planning --- 2. Which type of planning considers the whole system to make better decisions? A) Operational planning B) Strategic planning C) Holistic planning D) Contingency planning Answer: C) Holistic planning --- 3. Strategic planning in a laboratory primarily sets the lab’s: A) Daily staff schedule B) Long-term direction C) Equipment maintenance plan D) Budget for next month Answer: B) Long-term direction --- 4. According to the lecture, which of the following is an example of a policy or safety rule? A) Assign technicians per shift B) Reserve funds for new test kits C) Wear gloves and goggles when handling chemicals D) Step-by-step guide for running a blood test Answer: C) Wear gloves and goggles when handling chemicals --- 5. A step-by-step guide for running a blood test is an example of: A) Vision statement B) Goal C) Standard operating procedure (SOP) D) Risk management plan Answer: C) Standard operating procedure (SOP) --- 6. In strategic planning, the vision answers which question? A) Why do we exist? B) How will we measure success? C) Where do we want to go? D) What is our budget? Answer: C) Where do we want to go? --- 7. The mission of a laboratory answers which question? A) Where do we want to go? B) Why do we exist? C) How many staff do we need? D) What is our profit margin? Answer: B) Why do we exist? --- 8. Which of the following is an example of a goal? A) Reduce errors by 10% B) Train all technicians C) Improve lab testing quality D) Check equipment monthly Answer: C) Improve lab testing quality --- 9. “Reduce errors by 10% in 6 months” is an example of a(n): A) Vision B) Mission C) Goal D) Objective Answer: D) Objective --- 10. Operational planning focuses on: A) Long-term dreams of the lab B) Creating daily procedures to reach goals efficiently C) Writing the lab’s mission statement D) External marketing strategies Answer: B) Creating daily procedures to reach goals efficiently --- 11. Assigning specific tasks to each technician every day is an example of: A) Strategic planning B) Operational planning C) Risk management D) Compliance planning Answer: B) Operational planning --- 12. Effort and resource allocation involves deciding on all of the following EXCEPT: A) Staff B) Tools and materials C) Patient diagnoses D) Budget and time Answer: C) Patient diagnoses --- 13. Designing a step-by-step procedure for handling samples is part of: A) Workflow design B) Risk management C) Evaluation metrics D) Strategic visioning Answer: A) Workflow design --- 14. Preparing backup power for equipment in case of electricity failure is an example of: A) Compliance and standards B) Risk management C) Operational planning D) Workflow design Answer: B) Risk management --- 15. Which of the following is an example of an evaluation metric? A) Wear gloves when handling chemicals B) Assign 2 technicians per shift C) Test accuracy rate of 98% D) Prepare backup power Answer: C) Test accuracy rate of 98% --- 16. Turnaround time (e.g., results within 24 hours) is used to measure: A) Staff satisfaction B) Success of the lab C) Equipment cost D) Number of safety rules Answer: B) Success of the lab --- 17. According to the lecture, strategic planning in laboratories begins with: A) Setting objectives B) Developing the mission C) The lab’s vision D) Allocating resources Answer: C) The lab’s vision --- 18. The mission is created from the vision and explains: A) The lab’s budget B) The lab’s purpose and how it will achieve the vision C) The daily work schedule D) The names of all staff Answer: B) The lab’s purpose and how it will achieve the vision --- 19. According to the SMART criteria, goals and objectives must be all of the following EXCEPT: A) Specific B) Measurable C) Abstract D) Time-bound Answer: C) Abstract

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a laboratory manager? · A) Supervising laboratory staff · B) Diagnosing patients directly · C) Ensuring safety procedures · D) Maintaining lab documentation Answer: B --- 40. The ultimate goal of lab management processes (planning, organizing, directing, controlling) is: · A) To increase staff conflicts · B) To ensure smooth operations and achieve organizational goals · C) To reduce documentation · D) To avoid safety regulations Answer: B

· B) Planning, Budgeting, Staffing, Reporting · C) Organizing, Leading, Evaluating, Closing · D) Directing, Controlling, Auditing, Training Answer: A --- 21. Planning in lab management involves: · A) Only controlling staff · B) Setting goals and determining actions to achieve them · C) Only ordering supplies · D) Only cleaning equipment Answer: B --- 22. Organizing in lab management includes: · A) Only hiring staff · B) Allocating resources, assigning tasks, and establishing procedures · C) Only setting budgets · D) Only monitoring performance Answer: B --- 23. Directing as a management function means: · A) Firing employees · B) Leading and motivating staff to achieve goals · C) Only writing policies · D) Only conducting tests Answer: B --- 24. Controlling in lab management involves: · A) Only punishing staff · B) Monitoring performance and making necessary adjustments · C) Only ordering new equipment · D) Only scheduling shifts Answer: B --- 25. Top-level management planning includes: · A) Daily test schedules · B) Long-term strategic plans, policies, and goals · C) Routine equipment checks · D) Sample handling plans Answer: B --- 26. Middle-level management planning includes: · A) Developing action plans for quality assurance and staff training · B) Only cleaning schedules · C) Only personal daily tasks · D) Only budget approval Answer: A --- 27. Lower-level management planning includes: · A) Lab accreditation processes · B) Day-to-day tasks like test schedules and equipment use · C) Setting long-term goals · D) Defining lab hierarchy Answer: B --- 28. Organizing at top management level involves: · A) Handling daily samples · B) Structuring lab hierarchy and allocating budgets · C) Only supervising technicians · D) Only routine quality checks Answer: B --- 29. Middle-level management organizing includes: · A) Only cleaning equipment · B) Assigning responsibilities and coordinating between sections · C) Only hiring directors · D) Only setting national policies Answer: B --- 30. Lower-level management organizing involves: · A) Defining lab vision · B) Organizing tools, equipment, and supplies for daily tasks · C) Only budget planning · D) Only strategic direction Answer: B --- 31. Directing at top management level includes: · A) Performing daily tests · B) Setting overall tone for leadership, motivation, and fostering accountability · C) Only ordering supplies · D) Only routine maintenance Answer: B --- 32. Middle-level management directing involves: · A) Only cleaning the lab · B) Providing leadership, motivating teams to meet quality standards · C) Only handling specimens · D) Only strategic planning Answer: B --- 33. Lower-level management directing focuses on: · A) Long-term vision · B) Executing tasks under middle management guidance and daily objectives · C) Budget approval · D) Accreditation Answer: B --- 34. Controlling at top management level includes: · A) Routine quality checks on equipment · B) Evaluating overall lab performance and compliance with strategic goals · C) Only daily sample handling · D) Only reporting errors to middle management Answer: B --- 35. Middle-level management controlling includes: · A) Only cleaning schedules · B) Monitoring departmental performance and ensuring quality standards · C) Only equipment purchase · D) Only setting long-term goals Answer: B --- 36. Lower-level management controlling involves: · A) Strategic goal setting · B) Conducting routine quality checks on tests and equipment · C) Lab budget allocation · D) Hiring staff Answer: B --- 37. Which level of management is responsible for reporting errors to middle management? · A) Top-level · B) Middle-level · C) Lower-level · D) External level Answer: C --- 38. A laboratory manager's role in personnel development includes: · A) Ignoring staff skills · B) Ensuring team has necessary skills and knowledge · C) Only firing underperformers · D) Only hiring without training Answer: B --- 39.

1. Who is a manager according to the lecture? · A) A person who only controls resources · B) A person who plans, organizes, leads, and controls the work of people and resources to achieve goals · C) A person who only supervises staff · D) A person who handles financial records only Answer: B --- 2. Which of the following is a duty of a laboratory manager? · A) Performing all lab tests personally · B) Managing laboratory equipment and supplies · C) Cleaning the lab only · D) Designing building layouts Answer: B --- 3. A laboratory manager is responsible for: · A) Only equipment maintenance · B) Daily operations, staff supervision, safety, and quality standards · C) Only financial auditing · D) Only patient diagnosis Answer: B --- 4. Which skill set is essential for a lab manager? · A) Cooking and cleaning · B) Management skills and knowledge of lab safety and procedures · C) Only computer programming · D) Only marketing skills Answer: B --- 5. Successful lab managers take responsibility for: · A) Equipment only · B) Employees only · C) All aspects including equipment, employees, supplies, software, and documentation · D) Only supplies and software Answer: C --- 6. Resource management in a laboratory includes: · A) Only managing personnel · B) Efficient use of personnel, equipment, materials, and financial resources · C) Only managing financial resources · D) Only managing lab equipment Answer: B --- 7. Personnel management and development involves: · A) Firing staff without reason · B) Recruiting, training, and managing lab staff · C) Ignoring staff training · D) Only scheduling shifts Answer: B --- 8. Laboratory managers ensure compliance with: · A) Only safety regulations · B) Only quality standards · C) Quality standards, safety regulations, and legal requirements · D) Only legal requirements Answer: C --- 9. Budget planning and control is the responsibility of: · A) Only top-level management · B) Only lower-level management · C) Laboratory managers · D) External auditors only Answer: C --- 10. Coordinating research projects includes: · A) Only ordering supplies · B) Planning, scheduling, resources, and communication between team members · C) Only writing reports · D) Only cleaning equipment Answer: B --- 11. Laboratory operations and maintenance includes: · A) Only equipment maintenance · B) Maintenance of equipment, storage and disposal of chemicals, and safe working environment · C) Only chemical disposal · D) Only cleaning floors Answer: B --- 12. Top-level management in a lab is also known as: · A) Operational Level · B) Strategic Level · C) Tactical Level · D) Support Level Answer: B --- 13. Which role belongs to top-level management? · A) Laboratory Technician · B) Laboratory Director · C) Specimen Handler · D) Administrative Assistant Answer: B --- 14. Top-level management is responsible for: · A) Day-to-day technical tasks · B) Setting long-term goals and strategic direction · C) Routine quality checks · D) Handling specimens Answer: B --- 15. Middle-level management is also called: · A) Strategic Level · B) Tactical Level · C) Operational Level · D) Entry Level Answer: B --- 16. Middle-level management roles include: · A) Laboratory Director · B) Laboratory Managers or Supervisors · C) Support Staff · D) Chief Laboratory Officer Answer: B --- 17. Translating strategic plans into operational plans is done by: · A) Top-level management · B) Middle-level management · C) Lower-level management · D) External consultants Answer: B --- 18. Lower-level management is responsible for: · A) Setting laboratory policies · B) Day-to-day technical tasks and operational efficiency · C) Budget allocation · D) Accreditation processes Answer: B --- 19. Which of the following is a lower-level management role? · A) Laboratory Director · B) Laboratory Technician · C) Chief Laboratory Officer · D) Head of Laboratory Services Answer: B --- 20. The four main functions of management (processes) are: · A) Planning, Organizing, Directing, Controlling

Which is NOT a method of direct diagnosis? A) Microscopy B) Antigen detection C) Serology D) Nucleic acid tests Answer: C --- 23. A person can spread chickenpox: A) Only after the rash appears B) Before the rash appears C) Only if they have a fever D) Never without symptoms Answer: B --- 24. Which pathogen causes malaria? A) Influenza virus B) Salmonella C) Plasmodium D) Prions Answer: C --- 25. Intact skin can be a portal of entry for: A) Flu virus B) Salmonella C) Ringworm fungus D) E. coli Answer: C --- 26. Indirect diagnosis includes: A) Culture B) Skin tests C) Microscopy D) Antigen detection Answer: B --- 27. IgG antibodies usually indicate: A) Recent infection B) Past infection or immunity C) Active viral replication D) Antibiotic resistance Answer: B --- 28. The laboratory’s epidemiological role includes: A) Treating infected patients B) Tracking how many people are sick and where C) Designing hospital ventilation D) Giving vaccines Answer: B --- 29. Which sample is mentioned for detecting Salmonella in direct diagnosis? A) Nasal swab B) Blood C) Stool sample D) Urine Answer: C --- 30. Why do labs check for antibiotic resistance? A) To identify the germ species B) To help doctors choose the right medicine C) To count the number of germs D) To grow germs faster Answer: B

1. Which of the following is NOT a type of microbe mentioned in the lecture? A) Bacteria B) Viruses C) Helminths D) Prions Answer: C --- 2. What are zoonotic diseases? A) Diseases caused by prions B) Diseases caused by normal skin flora C) Animal microbes that can cause disease in humans D) Infections that only occur in hospitals Answer: C --- 3. Which of the following is an example of a primary pathogen? A) Normal skin bacteria B) Escherichia coli in the gut C) Salmonella D) Candida in a healthy person Answer: C --- 4. Opportunistic pathogens cause disease when: A) The person’s immune system is weak B) They are inhaled from the air C) They are always present in the body D) The person eats contaminated food Answer: A --- 5. Which statement about infections is TRUE according to the lecture? A) Infections always show symptoms B) A person cannot spread infection without symptoms C) A person can spread infection before symptoms appear D) Only bacteria cause infections Answer: C --- 6. The “carrier state” means: A) A person has active symptoms of disease B) A person can spread microbes even after recovery C) A person is immune to infection D) A person has never been infected Answer: B --- 7. Which of the following is a transmission pathway for microbes? A) Direct contact B) Air C) Contaminated food D) All of the above Answer: D --- 8. The portal of entry for the flu virus is typically: A) Gastrointestinal tract B) Respiratory tract C) Genitourinary tract D) Damaged skin Answer: B --- 9. What is the first step after a microbe enters the human body? A) It immediately enters the blood B) It multiplies at the site of entry C) It is immediately killed by antibodies D) It causes symptoms within hours Answer: B --- 10. Direct diagnosis of an infection means: A) Looking for antibodies in the blood B) Looking for the germ or its parts directly in samples C) Performing a skin test D) Asking the patient about symptoms Answer: B --- 11. Which method is used to grow germs on special food to identify them? A) Microscopy B) Antigen detection C) Culture D) Serology Answer: C --- 12. Detecting COVID-19 virus RNA in a nasal swab is an example of: A) Culture B) Nucleic acid test C) Skin test D) Microscopy Answer: B --- 13. Indirect diagnosis of infection involves: A) Finding the germ directly in blood B) Growing the germ in the lab C) Looking for antibodies or body reactions to germs D) Using a microscope to see bacteria Answer: C --- 14. Which antibody indicates a recent infection? A) IgG B) IgA C) IgE D) IgM Answer: D --- 15. A positive Tuberculin skin test indicates: A) Active tuberculosis disease B) Past exposure to tuberculosis bacteria C) Current flu infection D) Antibiotic resistance Answer: B --- 16. Epidemiology is the study of: A) How to treat infections B) How diseases spread and how to control them C) How to grow bacteria in the lab D) How to design hospitals Answer: B --- 17. Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) are: A) Infections acquired in the community B) Infections caused by primary pathogens only C) Infections patients get while visiting hospitals or clinics D) Infections that are always fatal Answer: C --- 18. Laboratories help control HAIs by: A) Treating patients directly B) Finding infections and identifying causes like dirty tools C) Prescribing antibiotics D) Vaccinating healthcare workers Answer: B --- 19. Antimicrobial resistance means: A) Germs are killed easily by antibiotics B) Germs can survive certain antibiotics C) The patient resists taking antibiotics D) Antibiotics are not available Answer: B --- 20. Which is an example of a zoonotic disease? A) Flu from another human B) Malaria from a mosquito C) Food poisoning from Salmonella D) COVID-19 from a surface Answer: B (Malaria is caused by Plasmodium, transmitted from animals/mosquitoes; the lecture notes zoonotic diseases as animal microbes causing human disease) --- 21. Escherichia coli is normally found in the: A) Respiratory tract B) Skin C) Gut D) Blood Answer: C --- 22.

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B) Blood cells and clotting C) Viral infections D) Genetic disorders Answer: B) Blood cells and clotting --- 19. Microbiology labs identify infections caused by: A) Genetic mutations B) Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms C) Autoimmune reactions D) Chemical poisoning Answer: B) Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms --- 20. Immunology labs measure levels of: A) Glucose and cholesterol B) Antibodies and white blood cells C) Drugs and poisons D) Electrolytes Answer: B) Antibodies and white blood cells --- 21. Genetics labs perform tests on DNA samples to: A) Diagnose bacterial infections B) Identify genetic disorders C) Measure blood clotting time D) Detect drug levels Answer: B) Identify genetic disorders --- 22. Toxicology labs identify and measure levels of: A) Vitamins B) Hormones C) Drugs and poisons D) Red blood cells Answer: C) Drugs and poisons --- 23. BSL-2 laboratories study agents that: A) Cause no risk B) Are moderate-risk and can be dangerous if inhaled, swallowed, or contact skin C) Are high-risk with no treatment D) Only affect animals Answer: B) Are moderate-risk and can be dangerous if inhaled, swallowed, or contact skin --- 24. Which biosafety level requires a gas-tight environment and advanced ventilation? A) BSL-1 B) BSL-2 C) BSL-3 D) BSL-4 Answer: C) BSL-3 --- 25. BSL-4 labs are designed for: A) Routine blood tests B) Low-risk pathogens C) The most dangerous pathogens with no vaccines or treatments D) Animal research only Answer: C) The most dangerous pathogens with no vaccines or treatments --- 26. Which biosafety level requires a separate building and complete isolation? A) BSL-1 B) BSL-2 C) BSL-3 D) BSL-4 Answer: D) BSL-4 --- 27. University research laboratories are often linked to: A) Private companies B) Academic programs and areas of study C) Government regulatory agencies D) Pharmaceutical manufacturing Answer: B) Academic programs and areas of study --- 28. A large laboratory serves more than: A) 100 patients daily B) 200 patients daily C) 300 patients daily D) 400 patients daily Answer: D) 400 patients daily --- 29. Which type of research builds general knowledge without immediate practical application? A) Applied research B) Clinical research C) Basic research D) Industrial research Answer: C) Basic research --- 30. Cytology labs perform tests on samples of: A) Whole organs B) Cells to detect possible cell diseases C) Bones D) Hair follicles Answer: B) Cells to detect possible cell diseases

1. How are laboratories categorized according to the number of patients served daily? A) By location B) By number of staff C) By number of patients per day D) By type of equipment Answer: C) By number of patients per day --- 2. A laboratory that handles up to 100 patients daily is called: A) Medium laboratory B) Small laboratory C) Large laboratory D) Research laboratory Answer: B) Small laboratory --- 3. A laboratory serving between 101 and 400 patients daily is considered: A) Small laboratory B) Medium laboratory C) Large laboratory D) Biosafety laboratory Answer: B) Medium laboratory --- 4. What is the primary purpose of a research laboratory? A) Routine patient testing B) Scientific discoveries or advancements through experiments C) Blood sample storage D) Equipment calibration Answer: B) Scientific discoveries or advancements through experiments --- 5. Why is animal testing often used in research laboratories? A) To reduce costs B) To evaluate the safety of new compounds C) To replace human volunteers D) To comply with legal requirements only Answer: B) To evaluate the safety of new compounds --- 6. Basic research laboratories are mainly focused on: A) Solving immediate practical problems B) Understanding fundamental principles of biology and life sciences C) Developing new medical devices D) Diagnosing patient diseases Answer: B) Understanding fundamental principles of biology and life sciences --- 7. Where are basic research labs typically located? A) Private corporations only B) Government hospitals C) Universities or research institutes D) Biosafety level 4 facilities Answer: C) Universities or research institutes --- 8. Applied research laboratories aim to: A) Study animal behavior B) Solve existing everyday problems and produce immediately effective products C) Conduct autopsies D) Store biological specimens Answer: B) Solve existing everyday problems and produce immediately effective products --- 9. Clinical research laboratories focus on: A) Animal testing B) Understanding physics principles C) Studying human health, diseases, and treatments directly on patients D) Developing computer software for labs Answer: C) Studying human health, diseases, and treatments directly on patients --- 10. Private research laboratories are owned by: A) Governments B) Universities C) Corporations D) Non-profit organizations only Answer: C) Corporations --- 11. Government research laboratories are funded and managed by: A) Private companies B) The government C) International organizations D) Religious institutions Answer: B) The government --- 12. What is a key function of pathological laboratories? A) Manufacturing medicines B) Assisting physicians with disease diagnosis C) Teaching medical students only D) Cleaning hospital equipment Answer: B) Assisting physicians with disease diagnosis --- 13. The two main branches of pathology handled by pathological laboratories are: A) Microbiology and immunology B) Anatomic pathology and clinical pathology C) Chemistry and hematology D) Genetics and toxicology Answer: B) Anatomic pathology and clinical pathology --- 14. Anatomic pathology is crucial in: A) Routine blood tests B) Autopsies to find the cause of death C) Vaccination development D) Urine analysis Answer: B) Autopsies to find the cause of death --- 15. Which type of anatomic pathology examines whole organs or large tissue samples? A) Frozen section laboratory B) Gross pathology laboratory C) Cytology lab D) Immunology lab Answer: B) Gross pathology laboratory --- 16. A frozen section laboratory helps surgeons by: A) Storing blood samples B) Providing immediate microscopic examination during surgery C) Performing genetic tests D) Measuring drug levels Answer: B) Providing immediate microscopic examination during surgery --- 17. Clinical chemistry labs test chemical components in blood such as: A) Bacteria B) Antibodies C) Glucose, uric acid, HDL/LDL D) DNA sequences Answer: C) Glucose, uric acid, HDL/LDL --- 18. Haematology labs focus on: A) Liver function tests