Research Methods in AL

The trend in temperature over the years. (R script) # Install packages install.packages("ggplot2") install.packages("Kendall") # Load necessary libraries library(ggplot2) library(Kendall) # Sample data representing annual temperature measurements over 8 years temperature <- c(15, 16, 17, 19, 18, 20, 21, 22) years <- 1:8 # Calculate Kendall's tau and its associated p-value tau_result <- cor.test(temperature, years, method = "kendall") # Print Kendall's tau and its associated p-value print(tau_result) # Calculate the trend line trend_line <- predict(loess(temperature ~ years)) # Create a trend line plot ggplot() + geom_point(aes(x = years, y = temperature), color = "blue") + geom_line(aes(x = years, y = trend_line), color = "red") + labs(x = "Year", y = "Temperature", title = "Trend Line Plot") + theme_minimal()

MANN-KENDALL TREND TEST ****************************** Mann-Kendall trend test is a nonparametric test used to identify a trend in a series, even if there is a seasonal component in the series. Key aspects of the Mann-Kendall trend test Monotonic Trend: Assesses if data shows a consistent increase or decrease over time, without specifying the trend’s form. Non-parametric Nature: Makes minimal assumptions about data distribution, suitable for non-normal data. Null Hypothesis: Assumes no monotonic trend. Rejecting it indicates a significant trend presence. Ranking: Involves ranking data points and comparing consecutive pairs to discern trend direction. Test Statistic: Generates a statistic (usually “𝓢” or “tau”) signifying trend direction (positive for increase, negative for decrease). P-Value: Assesses trend significance, with smaller values suggesting a significant trend. How to implement? R program and its “zyp” package

Trend Analysis in SPSS using repeated measures designs.

When to use ethnography?

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All key sources for Grounded Theory approach in qualitative research

Qualitative research methods and their respective purpose and data analysis goal...some of them like phenomenology can be both a method and approach. This can help us to choose the one which is the best fit for our studies

📚 PREET Center presents: @preetcenter 🔴 Workshop on Statistics in Applied Linguistics with a Problem-based Approach: Basic Issues 🔹 Instructor: Dr. Hessameddin Ghanbar 🔹 Duration: Three weeks (six sessions) 🔹 Schedule: Thursdays and Fridays from 17 to 18:30 🔹 The workshops will be held on the Adobe Connect platform and will have the support. 📣 Registration has started. (Limited capacity) ▪️ For more information and registration: Telegram: @preetadmin WhatsApp & SMS: +989359289774 ▪️ Supported by: Telegram: @Zahraa_Keshvari ▪️For each participant in the workshop, a digital certificate signed by Prof. Minoo Alemi, Prof. Zia Tajeddin, and Dr. Hessameddin Ghanbar will be issued.