Physiotherapy 2nd year notes

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Professionalism and Integrity A. Upholding professional standards B. Demonstrating honesty and integrity C. Respecting patient confidentiality D. Maintaining professional boundaries Communication and Interpersonal Skills A. Effective communication with patients, colleagues, and staff B. Active listening and empathy C. Cultural sensitivity and respect for diversity D. Collaborative teamwork Respect for Patients' Autonomy and Dignity A. Informed consent and shared decision-making B. Respecting patients' privacy and modesty C. Non-discrimination and unbiased care D. Respecting patients' religious and cultural beliefs Professional Boundaries and Behavior A. Avoiding conflicts of interest B. Professional appearance and conduct C. Adhering to ethical guidelines D. Appropriate use of social media and technology Confidentiality and Privacy A. Protecting patient information B. Secure handling of medical records C. Consent for discussions and case presentations D. Respecting the privacy of colleagues Professional Development and Continuous Learning A. Commitment to lifelong learning B. Staying updated with medical knowledge and skills C. Seeking feedback and constructive criticism D. Professional involvement and contribution to the medical community Ethical Conduct in Research and Academics A. Adhering to research ethics and protocols B. Avoiding plagiarism and intellectual dishonesty C. Respect for intellectual property rights D. Responsible authorship and data management Professionalism in Challenging Situations A. Dealing with medical errors and adverse events B. Managing conflicts and difficult conversations C. Recognizing and reporting unprofessional behavior D. Balancing personal well-being with professional responsibilities Elaborate these point according to your understanding and requirements

These are the overall expectations and ethical responsibilities that medical students should abide by throughout their training.

Introduction Importance of a code of conduct: This section highlights the significance of having a code of conduct in the medical field, emphasizing the role it plays in maintaining professionalism and ethical standards.

Code of Conduct Definition It explains the specific purpose of the code for undergraduate medical students, which is to guide their behavior and uphold ethical responsibilities.

History Physicians like Hippocrates, and later Galenus, are believed to have been the first practitioners of physiotherapy, advocating massage, manual therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to treat people in 460 B.C.  After the development of orthopedics in the eighteenth century, machines like the Gymnasticon were developed to treat gout and similar diseases by systematic exercise of the joints, similar to later developments in physiotherapy. The earliest documented origins of actual physiotherapy as a professional group date back to Per Henrik Ling “Father of Swedish Gymnastics” who founded the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in 1813 for massage, manipulation, and exercise. In 1887, PTs were given official registration by Sweden’s National Board of Health and Welfare. Other countries soon followed. In 1894 four nurses in Great Britain formed the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.[6] The School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913,[7] and the United States' 1914 Reed College in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides."[8] Research catalyzed the physiotherapy movement. The first physiotherapy research was published in the United States in March 1921 in The PT Review. In the same year, Mary McMillan organized the Physical Therapy Association (now called the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of exercise, massage, and traction. Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.[9][10] Later that decade, PTs started to move beyond hospital based practice, to outpatient orthopedic clinics, public schools, college/universities, geriatric settings, rehabilitation centers, hospitals, and medical centers. Specialization for physical therapy in the U.S. occurred in 1974, with the Orthopaedic Section of the APTA being formed for those physical therapists specializing in orthopaedics. In the same year, the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy was formed,[11] which has played an important role in advancing manual therapy worldwide since.

The Code of Ethics for the Physical Therapist (Code of Ethics) delineates the ethical obligations of all physical therapists as determined by the House of Delegates of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). Principles 1: Physical therapists shall respect the inherent dignity and rights of all individuals. 2: Physical therapists shall be trustworthy and compassionate in addressing the rights and needs of patients and clients. 3: Physical therapists shall be accountable for making sound professional judgments. 4: Physical therapists shall demonstrate integrity in their relationships with patients and clients, families, colleagues, students, research participants, other health care providers, employers, payers, and the public. 5: Physical therapists shall fulfill their legal and professional obligations. 6: Physical therapists shall enhance their expertise through the lifelong acquisition and refinement of knowledge, skills, abilities, and professional behaviors. 7: Physical therapists shall promote organizational behaviors and business practices that benefit patients and clients and society. 8: Physical therapists shall participate in efforts to meet the health needs of people locally, nationally, or globally.

PROFESSIONAL DRESS CODE Dressing professionally can help form a positive impression to people you meet in the workplace or anywhere. This is especially important for interviews and when meeting upper-level managers who make hiring and promotion decisions. The initial judgments people make about you can influence their long-term opinions.

Professionalism “The skill, good judgment, and polite behavior that is expected from a person who is trained to do a job well”  “‘Professionalism’ is commonly understood as an individual’s adherence to a set of standards, code of conduct or collection of qualities that characterize accepted practice within a particular area of activity” Characteristics True professionals have several crucial traits that apply to almost every industry. Some of them are: *Ethics – Doctors, lawyers, and public accountants must follow a robust code of professional ethics. It would be best if it acted ethically, regardless of whether the business or sector has a formal code. *Reliability – It is also critical to return messages quickly and keep your word when you commit. Meeting expectations necessitates having strong communication skills. Always be cautious while making assumptions. *Competence – Professionals aspire to become experts in their sector, distinguishing themselves from the competition, extending their education by enrolling in classes, attending conferences, and earning relevant professional credentials. *Appearance – When meeting prospects or clients, pay close attention to how you seem and take style cues from their dress. Be careful to adhere to or even exceed your company’s dress code requirements. *Accountability – Professionals are always responsible for their conduct. If there is a mistake, own up to it and try to resolve it. Avoid attempting to blame a co-worker. Instead, accept the need for a compromise when it arises and use the experience to improve. *Communication – One of the essential traits of a professional is effective communication. Communication is listening intently, understanding it effectively, and efficiently expressing a message. Professionals have an excellent grasp of language, which they use to communicate ideas.

Professional Ethics Ethical dimensions in professions are needed to 1. have clear boundaries 2. have commonly accepted norms of behaviour 3. enhance respect within and outside the profession 4. protect the rights of the consumer/ client 5. protect the rights and privileges of the professional

Ethical value denotes something's degree of importance, with the aim of determining what action or life is best to do, or at least attempt to describe the value of different actions Principles 1. Autonomy Autonomy of the client/ patient to opt for or out of any treatment options is available to him. 2. Beneficence Duty of the health provider to ensure that the client in her care is assured of all the benefits of her professional knowledge to help the person overcome their dysfunction. 3. Justice Duty of the health provider to ensure that justice is done to the individuals in her care. This involves equal and unbiased care, respect for autonomy, and the duty to provide the correct information to the best of her knowledge if called upon by a court of law. 4. Non-maleficence Oldest principle of medical behaviour- do no harm. 5. Confidentiality discuss only aspects of the patient that are important to the treatment of the individual discuss aspects of care only in a confidential atmosphere and as much as possible without use of the patient’s name or other identification. In addition ensure that the discussion does not involve anyone who cannot contribute to the enhanced care of your patient. Ensure that patient records are not deposited in places of public access. Do not discuss one patient’s condition (1) with another patient (2) without the consent of the first party sometimes it may be necessary to withhold information from members of the patient’s family if so requested 6. Dissipation of knowledge: The patient has a right to information pertaining to his condition. The patient also has the right to make an informed choice of treatment options available to him as also the right to change providers if he so wishes.

Introduction Ethics derives from, the Greek word “ethicos” which means arising from custom or from the French word “ethos” meaning custom. According to Websters’s dictionary ethics is a concept that deals with moral issues of good and bad, based on societal norms. Ethics, is the code written or unwritten that guides the behaviour of human beings, in the context of different cultures and situations. This moral code may vary from society to society. However there are certain aspects that hold good in every situation. The application of these principles would be dependent on the person and the situation. In short it is a judgment call. Ethics in physiotherapy can be defined as the moral code of conduct that defines the relationship between the therapist and her patient or client, and the therapist and other healthcare professionals based on mutual respect and trust.

GRIEF The normal response to a major loss, such as the death of a loved one. Grief may also be felt by a person with a serious, long-term illness or with a terminal illness. It may include feelings of great sadness, anger, guilt, and despair. Physical problems, such as not being able to sleep and changes in appetite, may also be part of grief. TYPES There are three types of grief: Anticipatory Normal or Common Complicated. Factors that affect the response to grief. A person’s grief is affected by their: •Personality, age, and gender. •Cultural and religious background. •Coping skills and mental health history. •Amount of support they have. •Social and financial position. •Relationship with the person who died. •The deceased's cancer experience and the way the disease progressed.

PIAGET'S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence. Piaget's stages are: Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7 Concrete operational stage: Ages 7 to 11 Formal operational stage: Ages 12 and up