Physiotherapy 2nd year notes

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The visual analog scale (VAS) is a validated, subjective measure for acute and chronic pain. Scores are recorded by making a handwritten mark on a 10-cm line that represents a continuum between “no pain” and “worst pain.”

AUTISM Also called: Autism spectrum disorder It is a neuro development disorder Characterised by language and communication problems The disorder is commonly diagnosed at 2 to 3 year of age FEATURES The features of autism are - lack of eye to eye contact - lack of social smile - milestone dilay - language dilay ( don't understand) - sterio type behaviour - self injerious behaviour *30 %of children will be mentally regarded CAUSES -Generic -Environmental triggers *No cliyar Risk factors TREATMENT -Educational programs -Behaviour therapy

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Method of electrode placement for Shortwave Diathermy (SWD): 1 Electrode Selection: • SWD typically involves the use of capacitive or inductive electrodes. • Capacitive electrodes: These consist of metal plates covered with an insulating material and require a coupling medium (such as a conductive gel) to create a capacitive field. • Inductive electrodes: These are usually in the form of a drum or coil and do not require a coupling medium as they generate an electromagnetic field directly. 2 Preparation: • Ensure the patient is positioned comfortably and the treatment area is exposed. • Clean the skin surface to remove any lotions, oils, or dirt that may interfere with electrode contact. • If using capacitive electrodes, apply a thin layer of coupling gel on the treatment area to improve conduction. 3 Electrode Placement: • Capacitive electrodes: • Place the metal plates of the capacitive electrodes parallel to each other, with a suitable distance between them. • Position the electrodes equidistant from the treatment area, with the patient's skin in contact with the coupling medium. • Ensure that the electrodes are oriented to cover the target tissue fully. • Inductive electrodes: • Position the inductive electrodes on the treatment area with the patient's skin in direct contact with the electrodes. • Ensure that the electrodes cover the target tissue sufficiently. • The size and shape of the inductive electrodes may vary depending on the treatment area. 4 Adjustments and Safety: • Once the electrodes are in place, secure them to maintain proper contact with the skin during the SWD session. • Check the patient's comfort and ensure there are no sharp edges or discomfort caused by the electrodes. • Monitor the patient throughout the treatment for any signs of skin irritation, burns, or discomfort.

1 Introduction: • Shortwave Diathermy (SWD) is a therapeutic modality used in physiotherapy for deep heating of tissues using high-frequency electromagnetic waves. • SWD is commonly applied to provide pain relief, increase tissue extensibility, promote healing, and improve blood flow. 2 Equipment: • SWD requires specialized equipment, including a SWD machine with applicators. • Applicators come in various forms: capacitive plates, inductive coils, or a combination of both. • The choice of applicator depends on the treatment area, desired depth of heating, and patient comfort. 3 Preparation: • Before starting the SWD session, ensure that the patient is properly positioned and comfortable. • Remove any metal objects or jewelry from the treatment area to avoid interference with the electromagnetic field. • Communicate with the patient, explaining the procedure, expected sensations, and safety precautions. 4 Application Technique: • Apply a thin layer of coupling gel or conductive medium to the treatment area. This enhances the conduction of electromagnetic waves into the tissues. • Select the appropriate applicator type (capacitive or inductive) based on the treatment goals and area being treated. • Position the applicator over the treatment area, ensuring good skin contact. • Set the SWD machine to the desired parameters, including power intensity and treatment duration, as prescribed by the physiotherapist. • Start the SWD machine, and gradually increase the power level to the prescribed intensity. Monitor the patient's comfort level throughout the session. • The duration of SWD treatment typically ranges from 5 to 20 minutes, depending on the condition being treated. • During the session, monitor the patient for any adverse reactions or discomfort. Maintain constant communication with the patient. 5 Post-treatment: • After completing the SWD session, turn off the SWD machine and remove the applicator. • Clean the applicator and wipe off any remaining coupling gel from the patient's skin. • Provide any necessary post-treatment instructions, such as avoiding exposure to extreme temperatures or excessive physical activity. 6 Safety Precautions: • Follow proper safety guidelines while using SWD, such as ensuring appropriate grounding and insulation of the equipment. • Regularly inspect the SWD machine and applicators for any damage or malfunction. • Always adhere to the manufacturer's instructions and guidelines for safe use. • Be cautious when treating patients with metal implants or devices, pacemakers, or other electronic devices, as SWD may interfere with their function.