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Electric Charges and Fields 1. Electric Charge Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electric and magnetic effect. 2. Conductors and Insulators Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity through them are called conductors, e.g. metals, the earth and those substances which offer high resistance to the passage of electricity are called insulators, e.g. plastic rod and nylon. 3. Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity. 4. Additivity of Charges- Charge are scalars and they add up like real numbers. It means if a system consists of n charges q1, q2, q3 , … ,qn, then total charge of the system will be q1 +q2 + … +qn. 5. Conservation of Charge The total charge of an isolated system is always conserved, i.e. initial and final charge of the system will be same. 6. Quantisation of Charge -Charge exists in discrete amount rather than continuous value and hence, quantised. Mathematically, charge on an object, q=±ne where, n is an integer and e is electronic charge. When any physical quantity exists in discrete packets rather than in continuous amount, the quantity is said to be quantised. Hence, charge is quantised. 7. Units of Charge (i) SI unit coulomb (C) (ii) CGS system (a) electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C) (b) electromagnetic unit, emu of charge or ab-C (ab-coulomb) 1 ab-C = 10 C, 1 C = 3 x 109 stat-C

1. Work = force × distance कार्य = बल × दूरी 2. Energy = force × distance ऊर्जा = बल × दूरी 3. Speed = distance / time गति = दूरी / समय 4. Velocity= displacement / time वेग = विस्थापन / समय 5. Electric field = electrical force/charge विद्युत क्षेत्र= वैद्युत बल/आवेश 6. Force = force/area प्रतिबल=बल/क्षेत्रफल 7. Volume = length × width × height आयतन = लंबाई × चौड़ाई × ऊंचाई 8. Mass density = mass/volume द्रव्यमान घनत्व =द्रव्यमान/आयतन 9. Acceleration =velocity / time त्वरण = वेग / समय 10. Power = work / time शक्ति = कार्य / समय 11. Pressure = force / area दाब =बल/क्षेत्रफल 11. Momentum = mass × velocity संवेग = द्रव्यमान × वेग 13. Area (A) = Length × Width क्षेत्रफल ( A ) = लम्बाई × चौड़ाई 14. Force (F) = Mass × Acceleration बल ( F ) = द्रव्यमान × त्वरण 15. Pressure Energy = Pressure × Volume दाब ऊर्जा = दाब × आयतन 16. Impulse = force × time आवेग = बल × समय 17. Linear momentum = mass × velocity रैखिक संवेग = द्रव्यमान × वेग 18. Kinetic energy = 1/2 mv² गतिज ऊर्जा = 1/2 mv² 19. Mechanical energy = kinetic energy + potential energy यांत्रिक ऊर्जा = गतिज ऊर्जा + स्थितिज ऊर्जा 20. Angular momentum = Inertial × Angular velocity कोणीय संवेग = जड़त्वाघूर्ण × कोणीय वेग ✅✅ WSA EDUCATION✅✅

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