Group( D )

...........Occurs when water intake exceeds the kidneys' ability to excrete it,مهم

Kidney dysfunction Reduced ability to excrete water.

Serum electrolyte levels:مهم

Best technique for measuring electrolytes?مهمة

normal ranges Calcium:مهمه

normal ranges Potassium:مهمه

normal ranges Sodium:مهمه

symptoms of dehydration confusion ،low blood pressure:

Causes of Dehydration:مهمه

Imbalances in water and electrolytes can be caused by a variety of conditions including ........

triggers of thrist:

When....... rises (e.g., during dehydration or high sodium intake)

Imbalances in osmosis can lead to dehydration or fluid overload in cells.

Where is the thirst center located?

Imbalances in electrolytes can lead to water shifts, causing cell swelling (hypertonic state)

• Plasma: The liquid component of blood. Main electrolyte .....مهمة

Surrounds cells......

Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Water outside cells (~1/3 of total body