MAINS DECODER

Cholera

a water-borne disease primarily caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae strains O1 and O139, poses a significant public health challenge worldwide. Strain O1 is the predominant cause of outbreaks, with O139 occurrences being rare and mostly confined to Asia. It is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes can be severe. Symptoms include Profuse watery diarrhoea, Vomiting, Leg cramps. A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food contaminated with the cholera bacterium. The disease can spread rapidly in areas with inadequate treatment of sewage and drinking water. Currently, there are three WHO pre-qualified oral cholera vaccines (OCV): Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol-Plus. All three vaccines require two doses for full protection. A global roadmap to 2030, with a target to reduce cholera deaths by 90% was launched in 2017

Nitrogen oxide (NO)

is indeed a gas that is formed when nitrogen and oxygen in the air react at high temperatures, such as during combustion processes. It is a significant component of smog and can cause various respiratory problems. However, it's important to clarify the distinction between different nitrogen oxides:

1. Nitric Oxide (NO):

This is the gas formed at high temperatures, often in combustion processes, and is a precursor to the formation of other nitrogen oxides. While it is not a greenhouse gas itself, it plays a role in atmospheric reactions.

2. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂):

This is another form of nitrogen oxide that contributes to smog and has harmful effects on health.

3.Nitrous Oxide (N₂O):

This is a potent greenhouse gas, significantly different from NO and NO₂. N₂O is found naturally in the atmosphere, largely produced by microbial processes in soils and oceans. It is also emitted from agricultural activities, industrial processes, and combustion of fossil fuels and biomass.

Key Points about Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

- Greenhouse Gas: N₂O is a significant greenhouse gas that traps infrared radiation and contributes to global warming. - Ozone Depletion: N₂O also contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer. - Sources: Natural sources include microbial activity in soils and water bodies, while anthropogenic sources include agriculture, fossil fuel combustion, and industrial activities.

Summary

While nitric oxide (NO) itself is not a greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N₂O), another nitrogen oxide, is a potent greenhouse gas and a significant contributor to both global warming and ozone depletion. Thus, the impact of nitrogen oxides on the atmosphere includes both direct and indirect effects, with N₂O being a critical greenhouse gas of concern. #pyq

Might help you all..

Various types of Cyber-Threats

🔹Malware: It includes viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, spyware, and adware. 🔹Ransomware: The attacker then demands a ransom payment, usually in cryptocurrency. 🔹Phishing Attacks: Phishing attacks involve tricking individuals into revealing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords. 🔹Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks: DoS and DDoS attacks overwhelm computer systems, networks, or websites with a flood of traffic. 🔹SQL Injection: SQL injection attacks exploit vulnerabilities in web applications that interact with databases.  🔹Social Engineering: Social engineering involves manipulating and deceiving individuals. 🔹Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks: In a MitM attack, an attacker intercepts and alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. It allows the attacker to eavesdrop, steal information, or modify data. 🔹Insider Threats: Insider threats occur when individuals with authorized access to systems or data misuse their privileges for malicious purposes.  🔹Zero-day Exploits: Zero-day exploits target vulnerabilities in software that are unknown to the software vendor.  #cybersecurity

Biopharmaceutical Alliance India, South Korea, the United States, Japan, and the European Union (EU) have formed a Biopharmaceutical Alliance to address drug supply shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. #IR

Guest list of the PM's Oath Ceremony So prep it for prelims as well as for mains( India's relationships with its neighbourhood)

UPPSC cutoff mains 2023 EWS 750 OBC 738 Gen 734

Mount Kanlaon, located in the central Philippines, erupted recently (through a Phreatic eruption), prompting hundreds of people to seek shelter in evacuation centres. About Mount Kanlaon/ Canlaon: It stands as the highest peak on Negros Island and is one of the active volcanoes within the Philippines’ Pacific Ring of Fire . Phreatic Eruption characterized by steam-driven explosions resulting from heated groundwater, are typical occurrences, often preceding or following traditional volcanic eruptions.

Still you have 142 days!!!

So Now make an investment with a better strategy that helps you to attain a larger growth in future😁😁

Prelims -: 27 October

RO/ARO-: 22 DEC

𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐬 👉𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐟𝐮𝐫 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧 - 𝐒𝐮𝐝𝐚𝐧 👉𝐊𝐢𝐯𝐮- 𝐃𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐨 👉𝐒𝐞𝐲𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐚- 𝐁𝐮𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐚 𝐅𝐚𝐬𝐨 👉𝐌𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐤𝐚- 𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐢

UPPSC Calendar is expected to be released soon. Prelims - 27th October 2024 So, UPPCS calendar will come soon. Approximately 150 days are available for the preliminary examination. In these 150 days, give 100 days to MAINS (6-7 hours) + PT (3 hours). Allot 50 days only for PT.

Agriculture production trends in last 5 years Rice —> China is largest producer (India is 2nd) —> India is largest exporter in the word Wheat —> China is largest producer (India is 2nd) —> Russia is largest exporter Sugarcane —> Brazil is largest producer (India is 2nd) —> Brazil is largest exporter Soybean —> Brazil is largest producer (India is 5th) —> Brazil is largest exporter Maize —> USA is largest producer (India 7th) —> Brazil is largest exporter Pulses —> India is largest producer —> India is largest consumer —> India is largest importer Coffee —> Brazil is largest producer —> Brazil is largest exporter —> USA is largest importer Banana —> India is largest producer —> Ecuador is largest exporter —> USA is largest importer Palm Oil —> Indonesia is largest producer —> Indonesia is largest exporter —> India is largest importer

Sample test paper of ethics ..So Prep your topics for the test on Sunday