BeingAFauji
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He who jumps into the void owes no explanation to those who stand and watch. Numerous selections since 2021, मैं तो केवल तुम्हारा सारथी हूं, लड़ना तो तुम्हें ही होगा पार्थ ।
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Channel Posts
India Achieves First QKD Transmission
#ScienceAndTechnology
India has recently achieved milestone in quantum communication by successfully demonstrating its first Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) transmission over a 4-core Multi-Core Fibre (MCF). This breakthrough marks a very important step in the nation’s pursuit of secure digital communication networks. The successful test marks India’s commitment to developing robust quantum encryption technologies that are essential for safeguarding critical data.
Quantum Key Distribution:
Quantum Key Distribution is a method that uses quantum mechanics to securely share encryption keys. It allows two parties to generate a shared, random secret key that can be used for secure communication. QKD is unique because it ensures that any eavesdropping attempt can be detected. This technology is crucial for sectors like banking and government, where data security is paramount.
Role of C-DOT and STL:
The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) developed the industry-grade QKD systems that received Technology Approval from the Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC). Sterlite Technologies Limited (STL) collaborated with C-DOT to create the MCF technology. This partnership exemplifies the importance of public-private cooperation in building a secure digital infrastructure.
Implications for National Security:
The integration of QKD with MCF technology enhances the security of digital communications across various sectors. It is particularly relevant for protecting sensitive information in government and financial institutions. The development of secure quantum communication systems is essential for a digitally sovereign nation.
| 2 | Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman Scheme
#GovernmentScheme
- PM-POSHAN formerly the Mid-Day Meal Scheme was rebranded in September 2021
- A centrally sponsored initiative providing hot cooked meals to students from Balvatika pre-primary to Class VIII in Government and Government-aided schools
- Aims to tackle hunger and enhance educational outcomes by improving nutrition and encouraging school attendance
Objectives:
- Enhance the nutritional status of children in government and aided schools
- Encourage regular school attendance especially among children from disadvantaged backgrounds
- Provide nutritional support during summer vacations in areas affected by drought or natural disasters
- Meals are designed to be nutritionally balanced incorporating fortified grains pulses and vegetables
Financial Details:
In 2025–26 the material cost for meals increased by 95 percent adding an extra 954 crore to the budget
Revised per-student per-day costs:
- Balvatika and Primary ₹678 up from ₹619
- Upper Primary ₹1017 up from ₹929
Total per meal cost including food grains:
- Balvatika and Primary ₹1213
- Upper Primary ₹1762
The Central Government covers 100 percent of food grain costs including procurement subsidies and transportation.
Monitoring and Data:
- The Labour Bureau monitors food inflation using the Consumer Price Index for Rural Labourers CPIRL
- Data is collected monthly from 600 villages across 20 states to adjust meal costs accordingly
Scale and Reach:
- Serves approximately 1120 crore students across 1036 lakh schools
- The Food Corporation of India supplies about 26 lakh metric tonnes of food grains annually
Implementation Enhancements:
- Funds are now directly transferred to school accounts to minimize leakage
- Balvatika pre-primary students are included under the scheme
- In Karnataka the program extends to Classes IX and X benefiting around 54 lakh students
Fortified Rice Initiative:
The scheme includes the distribution of fortified rice to combat malnutrition
Implementation Phases of Fortified Rice Initiative:
- Phase I Coverage of ICDS and PM-POSHAN by March 2022
- Phase II Extension to Targeted Public Distribution System TPDS and other welfare schemes in 291 high-burden districts by March 2023
- Phase III Nationwide coverage by March 2024
International Collaboration:
- The UN World Food Programme WFP has partnered with the Akshaya Patra Foundation to enhance the scheme's effectiveness
- A steering committee comprising WFP government representatives and the NGO meets quarterly to plan and review strategies. | 216 |
| 3 | ENSO Neutral Conditions
#Geography #ScienceAndTechnology
As of April 2025, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has reported that the tropical Pacific Ocean has entered an ENSO-neutral phase, following the conclusion of a mild La Niña event. Understanding the phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is essential for anticipating global weather and climate patterns.
Understanding ENSO Phases:
- ENSO comprises three main phases: El Niño, La Niña, and Neutral.
- El Niño is characterized by elevated sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific.
- La Niña features cooler temperatures in these regions.
- Neutral conditions occur when neither El Niño nor La Niña is dominant, often serving as a transitional period between the two extremes.
Current ENSO Neutral Conditions:
In April 2025, sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Niño-3.4 region were approximately average, with a recorded value of -0.01°C. This indicates a shift to neutral conditions, as it is warmer than the La Niña threshold of -0.5°C. The transition resulted from the westward movement of warmer waters and a decrease in cooler subsurface water.
Impact on Atmospheric Circulation:
During ENSO-neutral phases, atmospheric circulation patterns adjust. Surface air pressure tends to be higher in the central Pacific compared to the western Pacific. This pressure difference drives air movement from high to low-pressure areas, influencing surface water currents and promoting a westward flow.
Effects on Marine Ecosystems:
Neutral ENSO conditions support the upwelling of nutrient-rich waters along the South American coast. This process sustains vibrant marine ecosystems and benefits aquaculture. Additionally, cooler sea temperatures in the eastern Pacific contribute to relatively dry conditions in that area.
Future Projections:
Forecasts suggest that ENSO-neutral conditions may persist through the Northern Hemisphere's summer, with a probability exceeding 50% of continuing into autumn. However, predictions become less certain beyond this period. There's a 43% chance that neutral conditions will extend into early winter, while the likelihood of La Niña returning stands at 38%. The probability of El Niño developing remains low, below 20%.
Historical Context of La Niña:
The recent La Niña event was brief and mild, not meeting NOAA’s criteria for official classification, which requires five consecutive overlapping three-month periods of cooler-than-average temperatures. Nonetheless, future updates to climate records may include this event in historical analyses. | 268 |
| 4 | Flue Gas Desulphurisation
#ScienceAndTechnology
The Union Environment Ministry is reconsidering its 2015 mandate for Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) in all coal-fired plants. A recent study by the National Institute of Advanced Studies suggests that FGD should only be required for plants using imported or high sulphur coal. This change is driven by the composition of coal used in India and its impact on air quality.
About Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD):
FGD is a technology aimed at removing sulphur dioxide (SO2) from exhaust emissions. SO2 primarily originates from burning fossil fuels like coal and oil. When these fuels are combusted, portion of their sulphur content is converted to SO2, a harmful air pollutant. FGD processes can remove up to 95% of SO2 using absorbents like ammonia, sodium sulphite, or limestone slurry. | 344 |
| 5 | +1 CDS (I)-2025 RESULT OUT | 1 101 |
| 6 | Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
#Geography #History #ScienceAndTechnology
The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi was planted in 288 BC by King Devanampiya Tissa. The tree cutting was brought to Sri Lanka by Sanghamitta Maha Theri, the daughter of Emperor Ashoka. The Mahavamsa chronicles its establishment and the development of Anuradhapura as Buddhist pilgrimage site. The tree has faced numerous threats throughout its history, including vandalism and terrorist attacks.
Cultural Significance:
The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi is considered a living link to the Buddha. It has become a focal point for Buddhist worship and pilgrimage. Annually, thousands visit to pay homage. Offerings made at the tree are believed to bring good fortune and positive changes in life. Farmers often offer their first harvest to ensure a bountiful yield.
Architectural Features:
The tree is situated on a high terrace, surrounded by four lower terraces known as the Parivara Bodhi. These terraces protect the sacred tree. Over the years, various structures have been built around it, including statues and fences. The site is maintained by the Chief High Priest of Atamasthana and receives millions of pilgrims each year.
Why in News?
This sacred tree is a descendant of the original Bodhi tree in Bodhgaya, under which Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment. Recently, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi visited the site, denoting its importance. | 1 063 |
| 7 |  New Species of Scarab Beetles Discovered in India
#Geography #ScienceAndTechnology
Researchers from the Zoological Survey of India and Germany’s Museum A. Koenig have identified six new species of Sericinae scarab beetles. Their findings, published in the journal Zootaxa, highlight India’s rich but underexplored insect diversity.
The six new species are:
- Maladera champhaiensis from Mizoram
- Neoserica churachandpurensis from Manipur
- Maladera barasingha, named after the Indian swamp deer
- Maladera lumlaensis and Serica subansiriensis from Arunachal Pradesh
- Maladera onam from Kerala | 898 |
| 8 | The Indian Express
• Managing escalation in Delhi: Uncharted waters, a new compass: Page 1
• Attari border closure to hit ₹ 3800 cr Indo- Pak trade: Page 6
• THE NEXT STEPS: Page 10
• SEAL THE DEAL: Page 10
• The Pahalgam abyss: Page 10
• THE DAY AFTER, BACK TO BASICS: Page 10
• Remake the government school: Page 11
• Targeting private schools won't help: Page 11
• Consider mandating minimum vote share even for unopposed candidates: SC to centre: Page 12
• Infiltration, the key problem: Page 17
• Why Tamil Nadu banned egg mayonnaise: Page 17
• The new global pandemic treaty: why it is needed, why it falls short: Page 17
The Hindu
• Pak. shuts airspace, snaps trade relations with India: Page 1
• Sent messages: Page 8
• Where tariffs trump economics: Page 8
• Is the World Trade Organization still relevant?: Page 9
• After terror attack, militaries of India, Pak. on high alert: Page 12
• India to explore options it has 'never considered under Indus Waters Treaty: Page 13
• SC gives approval for UGC rules to fight caste-based bias: Page 14
• Supreme Court to examine concerns on POCSO clause: Page 14
• DCGI urged to lay down stringent guidelines on use of new antibiotics: Page 14
• The mosquito effect: how malarial chaos influenced human history: Page 22
PDF of both dailies (i.e. Delhi edition of The Hindu and Indian Express) is now available in our Telegram group. All non-important news and Ads have been filtered from these editions.
P.S. Indian Express also consists of the section "Salute The Soldier", it is my humble request to go through the same in remembrance of those who Gave All For Some.
These articles are meant to guide you and not to force you to skip other important news. Anything related to our security forces, government schemes, government policies, history, geography and geopolitics is of grave importance.
Read with Caution.
Get your e-paper PDF from here | 707 |
| 9 |  Israel Captures Morag Axis
#Geography
The Morag corridor is a vital area that connects Rafah and Khan Yunis. Its capture allows Israel to enhance its security operations in Gaza. The corridor joins other key areas under Israeli control, including the Philadelphi and Netzarim routes. Together, these zones give Israel control of over 50% of Gaza’s territory.
Why in News?
The ongoing conflict in Gaza has intensified with Israel’s military announcing the capture of the Morag axis. This strategic corridor is crucial for controlling southern Gaza. The move links routes along the Egyptian border. The military’s actions have led to mass evacuations and increased tensions with Palestinian groups. | 587 |
| 10 | Re-Entry of POEM-4 Module
#Geography #ScienceAndTechnology
POEM-4 was launched on December 30, 2024, as part of the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX) mission. It served as the upper stage of the PSLV-C60 rocket. After deploying satellites at an altitude of 475 km, POEM-4 maintained its orbit while hosting 24 payloads, including 14 from ISRO and 10 from non-governmental entities.
Controlled De-Orbiting Process:
To ensure a safe re-entry, ISRO engineers performed engine restarts to de-orbit POEM-4 to a nearly circular orbit at 350 km with a 55.2° inclination. The module was passivated by venting remaining fuel, reducing the risk of accidental break-up during descent.
Payloads and Scientific Contributions:
During its operational period, POEM-4 hosted various innovative payloads. Notably, it included India’s first astrobiology experiments developed by students from RV College of Engineering and Amity University. The payloads successfully collected valuable scientific data, contributing to research in space technology and astrobiology.
Monitoring and Tracking:
Throughout its mission, POEM-4 was continuously monitored by ISRO’s radar facilities and the United States Space Command (USSPACECOM). The tracking data provided critical information for precise predictions regarding the module’s re-entry trajectory.
ISRO’s Commitment to Sustainability:
The re-entry of POEM-4 aligns with ISRO’s Debris Free Space Mission (DFSM), aimed at ensuring the long-term sustainability of outer space. The agency’s efforts in managing space debris reflect its responsibility towards maintaining a safe and sustainable environment in space.
Future Implications:
The successful re-entry of POEM-4 sets a precedent for future missions. It demonstrates ISRO’s capability in managing space operations and reinforces the importance of sustainable practices in the growing field of space exploration. | 656 |
| 11 | The Hindu
• Indus treaty with Pak. put on hold: Page 1
• Indian astronomers throw light on curious case of missing dark matter in a distant galaxy: Page 6
• Unity and resolve: Page 8
• Talking mode: Page 8
• Responding to the terror attack in Pahalgam: Page 8
• What beauty pageants tell us about power and priorities: Page 8
• Trans sceptic arguments are incoherent: Page 9
• Air pollution in India - where does it come from?:Page 9
• Is India witnessing judicial despotism?: Page 10
• Ministry introduces new competency-based curricula for 10 healthcare professions: Page 14
• World Bank lowers India's FY26 growth forecast to 6.3%: Page 15
• Study reports lipids also guide evolution, not just DNA, proteins: 20
• Experts seek 'right to cool for informal sector workers: Page 20
The Indian Express
• Govt suspends Indus treaty, expels Pak advisors, cancels visas, closes Attari: Page 1
• SC invokes Article 142 to protect career of 250 students: Page 7
• GRIEF & HEALING: Page 12
• HARD TO STOMACH: Page 12
• A turning point in Valley: Page 12
• The right price: Page 13
• World Bank sees FY26 growth at 6.3% on global weakness, policy uncertainity: Page 17
• Watches, handbags, paintings other luxury items to attract 1% tax collected at source: Page 17
• Palmyra, Syrian city that survived 2000 years, bear the brunt of civil war: Page 18
• INDIA'S RIVERS POSE HEALTH RISKS DUE TO ANTIBIOTIC POLLUTION: STUDY: Page -19
• Desperate step in desperate times: Pak's intent behind Pahagam attack: Page 19
• Why India's suspension of 65 year old Indus Water Treaty is significant: Page 19
PDF of both dailies (i.e. Delhi edition of The Hindu and Indian Express) is now available in our Telegram group. All non-important news and Ads have been filtered from these editions.
P.S. Indian Express also consists of the section "Salute The Soldier", it is my humble request to go through the same in remembrance of those who Gave All For Some.
These articles are meant to guide you and not to force you to skip other important news. Anything related to our security forces, government schemes, government policies, history, geography and geopolitics is of grave importance.
Read with Caution.
P.S. PDF of both 23rd and 24th day of April is now in the Telegram group
Get your e-paper PDF from here | 518 |
| 12 | Rainfall Trends and Vegetation Changes in India
#Geography #ScienceAndTechnology
Recent studies have revealed shifts in rainfall patterns across India between 2011 and 2020. The findings indicate that while some regions have experienced increased rainfall, others have seen a decline. This analysis is based on data from the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP-ISRO), a collaboration between the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
Rainfall Variations Across Regions:
The study marks that west-central India saw an increase of approximately 2 mm of rainfall per day during the last decade. Conversely, eastern parts of India experienced a decrease of about 1 mm per day. The Indo-Gangetic Plain and southern regions also saw slight increases but not as pronounced as those in the west-central area.
Vegetation and Soil Moisture Correlation:
The increase in rainfall in west-central India correlates with a rise in vegetation cover. The Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values increased from around 0.2 to 0.4, indicating greater vegetation density. This increase in vegetation leads to higher transpiration rates, contributing to atmospheric moisture during the summer monsoon. Additionally, soil moisture content in this region has risen, further supporting the observed rainfall trends.
Shifts in Rainfall Timing:
The timing of peak rainfall has also shifted. In the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the peak rainfall now occurs 2-4 hours earlier than in the previous decade. In contrast, west-central India has seen a delay of 1-2 hours in peak rainfall. This variation is influenced by aerosol levels, which affect atmospheric conditions and rainfall patterns.
Impact of Aerosols on Rainfall:
Higher aerosol concentrations in the Indo-Gangetic Plain are linked to earlier peak rainfall. Aerosols absorb and scatter solar radiation, altering atmospheric stability and influencing rainfall timing. The study suggests that similar mechanisms may apply in other polluted regions, where aerosols can modulate rainfall behaviour.
Implications for Climate Studies:
These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of climate dynamics in India. They highlight the importance of monitoring vegetation cover and soil moisture as indicators of changing rainfall patterns. This research also puts stress on the need for continued studies on the impact of aerosols on weather phenomena. | 564 |
| 13 |  Leptobrachium aryatium
#ScienceAndTechnology #Geography
- Recently, researchers in Assam announced the discovery of a new frog species named Leptobrachium aryatium.
- It was found in Garbhanga Reserve Forest, biodiversity hotspot near Guwahati.
- The frog is notable for its fiery orange-and-black eyes and unique throat pattern. Its rhythmic call at dusk adds to its distinctiveness.
- These features, alongside genetic analysis, confirmed its status as a previously unknown species.
- The frog belongs to a genus known for its stocky build and broad heads, with 38 species recognised globally.
- The research began in 2004, focusing initially on the Leptobrachium smithi species however limited data previously hampered understanding of the Leptobrachium genus in Assam.
- Recent discoveries of related species in Myanmar & Bangladesh prompted a reevaluation of the Assamese population.
- The team employed a multivariate approach, combining morphometric, genetic, and bioacoustic analyses to identify the new species. | 536 |
| 14 | West Bengal’s Newest GI Tags
#Geography #Economics #ScienceAndTechnology
West Bengal has recently received Geographical Indication (GI) tags for seven traditional products.
About Geographical Indication (GI):
Geographical Indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin. It signifies quality and reputation linked to that location. GI tags help protect traditional products from misuse. They ensure that only products genuinely originating from a specific region can use the GI name.
The seven newly tagged products include:
- Nolen Gurer Sandesh: A winter delicacy made from chhena and date palm jaggery, cherished for its unique flavour.
- Kamarpukur’s White Bonde: A traditional sweet known for its rich taste.
- Murshidabad’s Chhanabora: A well-known sweetmeat made from chhena.
- Bishnupur’s Motichur Laddoo: Famous for its delightful taste.
- Radhunipagal Rice: Valued for its unique flavour and quality.
- Malda’s Nistari Silk Yarn: Renowned for its smooth texture and sheen. | 588 |
| 15 | GP-DRASTI Initiative
#ScienceAndTechnology
The GP-DRASTI (Gujarat Police - Drone Response and Aerial Surveillance Tactical Interventions) aims to improve the speed of police responses. Drones will be deployed to crime scenes alongside traditional PCR vans. This dual-response system aims to ensure that officers can assess situations quickly and deploy necessary forces.
Training and Personnel:
A training programme has been established for police personnel. Initially, 16 staff members from the eight police stations will receive training. Each drone will be operated by a two-person team, ensuring effective management and oversight.
Applications:
The GP-DRASTI initiative is particularly focused on areas identified as hotspots for violent crimes. These include incidents of assault, rioting, and mob violence. The use of drones is expected to enhance surveillance and rapid response in these high-risk areas.
Integration with Existing Systems:
Drones will work in conjunction with the existing police control room systems. When an incident is reported, both the drone and PCR van will be dispatched simultaneously. This integration aims to streamline operations and improve efficiency in emergency responses. | 608 |
| 16 | The Indian Express
• BREAKING THE ICE: Page 12
• NEW GIVE& TAKE: Page 12
• A global trade reset: Page 12
• NOT WITHOUT THE FACTORY: Page 12
• Partners for present & future: Page 13
• There is no planet B: Page 13
• IMF cuts global growth outlook: India's FY growth forecast seen lower at 6.2%: Page 17
• India's domestic growth engines less susceptible to external heatwinds: Page 17
• The Iran - Saudi shift: Page 19
• Karnataka HC' s order that will halt bike taxis: Page 19
The Hindu
• Matters that count: Page 8
• A move that endangers the right to vote: Page 8
• Exploring India's potential in the Arctic region: Page 8
• Section 69 of the BNS is redundant: Page 9
• Food prices may remain low if IMD's prediction holds true: Page 9
• IMF's lower growth projection for India for 2025-26 fiscal year: Page 10
• Parliament is supreme, Constitution does not visualise any authority above it: Dhankhar: Page 13
• Gold breaches ₹1-lakh mark as dollar index slides on tariff tension: Page 15
• IMF cuts global growth over Trump tariffs, policy uncertainty: Page15
• 'India relatively less susceptible to external headwinds': Page 15
• AI can supercharge forecasting if it can weather some challenges: Page 20 | 526 |
| 17 | Animals in News
#ScienceAndTechnology #Geography
Vembur Sheep
- The Vembur sheep, known locally as ‘Pottu aadu’, is a unique indigenous breed found in Tamil Nadu.
- This breed is recognised for its distinctive coat pattern, which features white fur with reddish-brown patches.
- They are medium-sized animals with drooping ears and lean bodies.
- They are hair sheep, requiring no shearing, and are well adapted to the local climate.
- The breed thrives on natural grazing, feeding on native grasses without the need for commercial fodder.
- It plays important role in the livelihoods of local farmers, particularly in the Thoothukudi and Virudhunagar districts of Tamil Nadu.
- However, the proposed SIPCOT industrial project threatens its existence by encroaching on vital grazing lands.
—————————————
Black Rat as Primary Carrier of Hantavirus
- Recent research marks the role of black rats as the primary carriers of hantavirus in rural Madagascar. A study published in *Ecology and Evolution* reveals that these invasive species pose health risk to local communities. The research was conducted in areas where deforestation and agriculture have increased the contact between humans and infected rodents.
Background of Hantavirus:
Hantavirus is a serious viral infection spread primarily through contact with the urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents. It can lead to two major syndromes – Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS). HPS affects the lungs and can be fatal, while HFRS primarily impacts the kidneys.
—————————————
Nilgiri Tahr Census
- The Nilgiri Tahr, an endangered mountain ungulate, is native to the Western Ghats in southern India.
- This species, also known as the Nilgiri Ibex, holds cultural significance as the state animal of Tamil Nadu. Its presence is documented in ancient Tamil literature.
- The animal is distinguished by a light grey patch on its back, earning adult males the nickname “Saddlebacks.”
- A collaborative census of the Nilgiri Tahr is scheduled from April 24 to 27, involving both Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- The Nilgiri Tahr is classified as Endangered by the IUCN.
- It is listed under Schedule-I of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, ensuring it receives the highest level of protection.
- The population has declined due to habitat loss and hunting.
—————————————
De-Extinction of Dire Wolf
The dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus) was a large canine that roamed North America, dominating the ecosystem as a top predator. It resembled the grey wolf but was larger, with a robust build and distinctive features. Dire wolves hunted various large prey, including horses and bison. Their extinction is believed to have been influenced by human hunting and the decline of their prey species.
De-Extinction Process:
Colossal Biosciences undertook a meticulous de-extinction process. They sourced ancient DNA from a 13,000-year-old tooth and a 72,000-year-old skull. Using this DNA, scientists reconstructed the genomes of the dire wolf and compared them to those of living canids, confirming the grey wolf as its closest relative. Gene editing techniques were employed to create specific traits associated with dire wolves.
In October 2024, two male pups, Romulus and Remus, were born to surrogate dog mothers. A female pup named Khaleesi followed in January.
Scientific and Ethical Considerations:
The revival of the dire wolf raises critical scientific and ethical questions. While the pups share 99.5% of their DNA with grey wolves, they are not identical to their extinct counterparts. The definition of species is complex and often debated among scientists. The pups lack the social behaviours typical of wild wolves, raising concerns about their ability to thrive in natural environments. | 563 |
| 18 | BM-04 Short-Range Ballistic Missile
#Defence #ScienceAndTechnology
- The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) recently introduced the BM-04, a next-generation short-range ballistic missile (SRBM), at a defence exhibition in Hyderabad.
- This missile is designed to enhance India’s conventional strike capabilities, particularly against Pakistan.
- The BM-04 missile measures 10.2 metres in length and 1.2 metres in diameter, weighing 11,500 kg.
- It features a two-stage solid-fuel propulsion system.
- The missile can hit targets up to 1,500 km away and carries a conventional warhead of 500 kg.
- Its precision is notable, with a circular error probability (CEP) of just 30 metres.
Canisterised Launch System:
The BM-04 is canisterised, allowing for rapid deployment. This design enables the warhead to be pre-mated with the delivery system, reducing launch preparation time. The missile can be transported using a six-wheel indigenous transport erector launcher (TEL).
Technological Advancements:
The missile’s design includes a hypersonic re-entry vehicle, which enhances its ability to evade enemy air defence systems. This capability is critical for engaging time-sensitive targets, including enemy missile launchers and command centres.
Strategic Implications:
The BM-04 represents a shift in India’s military doctrine towards a pre-emptive strike posture. It aims to provide India with the ability to conduct precision strikes against critical military infrastructure in Pakistan. This shift is part of a broader strategy to establish an Integrated Rocket Force (IRF).
Counterforce Capability:
The introduction of the BM-04 enhances India’s conventional counterforce capability. The missile’s range allows for deep storage within Indian territory, complicating Pakistan’s ability to target launch sites.
Future Prospects:
The BM-04 can be regularly upgraded with new technologies, ensuring its effectiveness against evolving threats. This adaptability positions India to maintain a robust military posture in the face of regional challenges. | 591 |
| 19 | Greening Trends in the Thar Desert
#Geography #ScienceAndTechnology
The Thar Desert, located in northwestern India and southeastern Pakistan, has witnessed a remarkable transformation over the past two decades. A recent study revealed a 38 per cent increase in greening annually, primarily due to enhanced monsoon rainfall and agricultural expansion. This phenomenon is unique as it contrasts with trends seen in other deserts worldwide.
Climate Change and Precipitation Increase:
Between 2001 and 2023, the Thar Desert experienced a 64 per cent rise in annual precipitation. This increase averages 4.4 millimetres per year since 2000. The summer monsoon season has been particularly impactful, driving vegetation growth. The study brought into light that only four major deserts, including the Thar, showed notable precipitation increases during this period.
Role of Groundwater Resources:
Groundwater has played important role in the greening of the Thar Desert. The report indicated that groundwater contributed 55 per cent to vegetation growth annually, while precipitation accounted for 45 per cent. During the summer monsoon, precipitation’s contribution was even higher, at 66 per cent. In contrast, groundwater was the primary driver during non-monsoon months, accounting for 67 per cent of the greening.
Agricultural Expansion and Its Impacts:
The region has seen agricultural boom, with crop areas increasing by 74 per cent between 1980 and 2015. This expansion has led to a 24 per cent rise in irrigated land. The Kharif season crops heavily rely on summer monsoon rainfall, while Rabi season crops depend on irrigation. However, this agricultural growth has also resulted in groundwater depletion due to excessive extraction.
Urbanisation Trends in the Thar Region:
Rapid urbanisation has characterised the Thar Desert, with urban areas increasing by 50 to 800 per cent from 1985 to 2020. This urban expansion is linked to the region’s population growth, which outpaced other deserts. The Thar is now noted for having the highest population density among deserts globally, further straining local resources.
Research Methodology and Findings:
The study, conducted by researchers from IIT Gandhinagar and NASA, used advanced satellite and in-situ data to analyse vegetation changes and precipitation patterns. It compared data from 14 major deserts worldwide, establishing that the Thar Desert stands out for its concurrent increases in population, rainfall, and vegetation. | 580 |
| 20 | Section 271 of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
#Polity
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) of 2023 introduced legal provisions addressing public health and safety. Section 271 specifically targets negligent acts that could spread infectious diseases dangerous to life.
Legal Framework of Section 271:
Section 271 of the BNS penalises individuals who unlawfully or negligently engage in actions likely to spread infectious diseases. The punishment can include imprisonment for up to six months, fines, or both. This section aims to deter negligent behaviour that endangers public health.
Comparison with Indian Penal Code:
Sections 269 and 270 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) have been mirrored in the BNS as Sections 271 and 272. While Section 271 addresses negligent acts, Section 272 focuses on malignant actions intended to spread infection. Both sections are bailable offences but require proof that the accused knew or should have known their actions could cause harm.
Judicial Interpretations:
Indian courts have addressed the application of these provisions in various cases. For instance, the Supreme Court ruled in Mr ‘X’ v. Hospital ‘Z’ that Section 269 could not be invoked against a spouse in a consensual marriage. Additionally, courts have clarified overlaps with other legislation, such as the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act.
Notable Incidents:
- A notable application of Section 271 occurred when a restaurant owner in Noida was arrested for delivering chicken biryani instead of vegetarian biryani. The FIR included charges under Section 271. However, the connection between this incident and the potential spread of a deadly infection remains unclear.
- The provisions of Sections 269 and 270 of IPC were frequently invoked during the Covid-19 pandemic. Authorities used these sections to enforce lockdowns and public health measures. High-profile cases, such as that of singer Kanika Kapoor, brought into light the legal implications of negligent behaviour during health crises. | 504 |
