IPH EXERCISE

📍ANSWERS 1. B. Constitutes (v.): to be or be considered as something. تشکیل دادن 2. B. Generated (v.): to cause something to exist. تولید کردن 3. C. Preserved (v.): to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed. نگهداری کردن 4. D. Have made (v.) 5. A. Is (v.) 6. B. Lived (v.) 7. C. Have been (v.) #RWFIB #153_Study_of_Objects

The study of objects ---1--- a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to as material culture studies. Students of material culture seek to understand societies, both past and present, through careful study and observation of the physical or material objects ---2--- by those societies. The source material for study is exceptionally wide, including not just human-made artefacts but also natural objects and even ---3--- body parts (as you saw in the film 'Encountering a body'). Some specialists in the field of material culture ---4--- bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it reigns supreme. It plays a critical role in archaeology, for example, especially in circumstances where written evidence ---5-- either patchy or non-existent. In such cases, objects are all scholars have to rely on in forming an understanding of ancient peoples. Even where written documents survive, the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new and interesting insights into how people once ---6--- and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology. In analyzing the physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists and others ---7--- careful to remind us that objects mean different things to different people. 1) A. is constituting B. constitutes C. involves D. has involved 2) A. was generated B. generated C. generating D. generates 3) A. preserves B. has preserved C. preserved D. is being preserved 4) A. make B. had made C. is making D. have made 5) A. is B. was C. to be D. being 6) A. were lived B. lived C. living D. was lived 7) A. is being B. are C. have been D. been #RWFIB #153_Study_of_Objects

📍ANSWERS 1. A. Preferred (v.): to like, choose, or want one thing rather than another. ترجیح دادن 2. C. Overlaying (v.): to cover something with a layer of something. پوشیدن 3. D. Be (v.) 4. C. Will (v.) 5. B. Are expressed (v.): to show a feeling, opinion, or fact. ابراز کردن 6. D. Regarded (v.): to consider or have an opinion about something or someone. به حساب آوردن #RWFIB #171_Color_Preference

Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, peoples in most parts of the world have similar color preferences. Blue is the most ---1--- and popular hue, followed in order by red, green, purple, yellow and orange. ---2--- this basic order of color preference, however, are the responses of individuals, which of course vary widely and may also ---3--- very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences for some colors and aversions to others, but sometimes ---4--- not admit to them, since outside factors may be influential in determining both color preferences and the way that they ---5--- or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping and peer-group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys in particular may be reluctant to admit to any strong preferences for colors other than those of favorite football teams, because color awareness may be ---6--- by their peer-group as feminine. 1) A. preferred B. preferring C. prefer D. prefers 2) A. overlaid B. overlay C. overlaying D. overlays 3) A. are B. been C. has been D. be 4) A. do B. is C. will D. shall 5) A. expressed B. are expressed C. is expressing D. expresses 6) A. regarding B. regards C. having regard D. regarded #RWFIB #171_Color_Preference

📍 ANSWERS 📍#RFIB 📌#576_Organic_Culture 1. Indictment (n.): a reason for giving blame. اتهام 2. Defensive (adj.): too quick to protect yourself from being criticized. تدافعی 3. Credible (adj.): able to be believed or trusted. معتبر 4. Mimicking (v.): to copy the way in which a particular person usually speaks and moves. تقلید کردن 📌#302_Financial_Crisis 1. Explanations (n.): the details or reasons that someone gives to make something clear or easy to understand. توضیح 2. Function (v.): to work or operate. عمل کردن 3. Ignored (v.): to intentionally not listen or give attention to. نادیده پنداشتن 4. Incompetent (adj.): not having the ability to do something as it should be done. بی کفایت 5. Understanding (v.): to know the meaning of something that someone says. فهمیدن 📌#264_Global_Ecosystems 1. Unsustainable (adj.): Something that is unsustainable cannot continue at the same rate. ناپایدار 2. Exceed (v.): to be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit. فراتر بودن 3. Accelerate (v.): to happen or make something happen sooner or faster. شتاب دادن 4. Sound (adj.): not broken or damaged; healthy; in good condition. سالم

Whether measured by greenhouse gas concentrations, deforestation rates or declining fish stocks, current ---1--- consumption and production patterns threatened to ---2--- the capacity of global ecosystems and the world community must ---3--- efforts to pursue environmentally ---4--- economic growth and 'meet our commitments to future generations'. #RFIB #264_Global_Ecosystems A) Alleviate B) Unsustainable C) Accelerate D) Sound E) Look F) Unusual G) Exceed

Since the beginning of the financial crisis, there have been two principal ---1--- for why so many banks made such disastrous decisions. The first is structural. Regulators did not regulate. Institutions failed to ---2--- as they should. Rules and guidelines were either inadequate or ---3---. The second explanation is that Wall Street was ---4---, that the traders and investors didn't know enough, that they made extravagant bets without ---5--- the consequences. #RFIB #302_Financial_Crisis A) Ignored B) Provision C) Explanations D) Incompetent E) Predicting F) Function G) Understanding

A charge often leveled against organic agriculture is that it is more philosophy than science. There's some truth to this ---1---, if that is what it is, though why organic farmers should feel ---2--- about it is itself a mystery, a relic, perhaps, of our fetishism of science as the only ---3--- tool with which to approach nature. The philosophy of ---4--- natural processes precedes the science of understanding them. #RFIB #576_Organic_Culture A) Mimicking B) Logic C) Defensive D) Repeating E) Credible F) Supportive G) Indictment

Main Ideas: • insecurities, fears, and doubts •lack of understanding or knowledge about a situation • being natural to be terrified (of public speaking) •a fear of being judged or laughed at •reading and researching/expanding knowledge on a subject •becoming more confident •giving the activity a try •being able to become better •overcoming shyness other points: •learning tips and strategies Sample Answer: Although insecurities, fears, and doubts can perceive lack of understanding or knowledge about a situation as being natural to be terrified of public speaking, a fear of being judged or laughed at could associate expanding knowledge on a subject with becoming more confident; moreover, giving the activity a try may derive being able to become better from overcoming shyness. (59 words) #SWT #SWT_Apeuni_Predictions_127 Apeuni #127 ——————— @Iran_pte_house

Many insecurities, fears, and doubts stem from lack of understanding or lack of knowledge about something. The more you understand and know about a situation, the more comfortable you will be and thus the less power your shyness will have over you. Let’s take for example the subject of public speaking. This is an activity that terrifies most people half to death, but only because most people don’t have much knowledge about it. If you do some research and investigation, you’ll come to learn that it’s perfectly natural to be terrified of public speaking, and that almost every single person has the same fears and insecurities that you do. When you take it further and ask yourself why you are so terrified of this, you’ll come to learn that you are scared of being judged, or of being laughed at. From there, you can go and read and learn about people who are good at public speaking—learn their tips and strategies. This way you are much more prepared because your knowledge on the subject is vast. As a result of this, your confidence will already be much higher than before, which might allow you to attempt public speaking when you join a club like Toastmasters. As you practice more, you will naturally become even more confident. This rule applies to any area where you feel insecure. Read and research as much about the topic as possible. This will help increase your confidence enough to give the activity a try to see if you might be able to become better at it. And that initial confidence to take action is all you need to get the ball rolling and overcome your shyness. #SWT #SWT_Apeuni_Predictions_127 Apeuni #127 ————————————————————— 🎖Together we persevere, Together we can 🎖 @Iran_pte_house

Lincoln's apparently radical change of mind about his war power to emancipate slaves was caused by the escalating scope of war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the Confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity. #RA #Apeuni_1 ——————————————————— 🎖Together we persevere, Together we can 🎖 @Iran_pte_house

Marine protected areas act as a safeguard for oceans, seas, and estuaries. These zones help to preserve the plants and animals that call these waters home, but the benefits of protected areas extend far beyond their boundaries. Researchers explain how these areas help to sequester carbon and foster ecological and social adaption to climate change. #ra #read_aloud