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Political science - Topic 1- Liberalism
🟦 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LIBERALISM
1️⃣ Faith in Human Reason
Humans are rational.
Reason helps discover truth and shape society.
Based on ideas of John Locke.
2️⃣ Belief in Historical Progress
Humanity can improve through learning & reason.
Conflict is not inevitable; peace can be achieved by correct political choices.
Possibility to reform international relations.
3️⃣ State–Society Linkages
Domestic politics influences international politics.
Democratic states → more peaceful (Kant’s “Democratic Peace Theory”).
Internal regime type affects external behaviour.
4️⃣ Pluralism in International Relations
State is not the only actor.
MNCs, NGOs, international organisations also shape world politics.
Rejects the realist idea of “state as sole actor”.
5️⃣ Preference for Free Trade & Economic Interdependence
Influenced by David Ricardo & Richard Cobden.
Free trade → prosperity → reduces likelihood of war.
Rejects mercantilism (which links wealth with military power).
6️⃣ Importance of International Institutions
Institutions protect values like liberty, justice, tolerance.
They promote cooperation and reduce conflict.
Example: League of Nations after WW-I.
7️⃣ Optimistic View of Human Nature
Humans can choose peace over conflict.
Cooperation is possible and desirable.
Repost from Anthropology-Minds Of Aspirants
Malinowski vs Radcliffe-Brown ————————————————
1. Focus
Malinowski: Focuses on the individual and their basic needs.
Radcliffe-Brown: Focuses on society and its structure, not the individual.
2. Type of Functionalism
Malinowski: Biopsychological / Organic Functionalism
→ Social institutions exist to satisfy individual needs.
Radcliffe-Brown: Structural Functionalism
→ Social institutions exist to maintain the social structure/system.
3. Motivation / Starting Point
Malinowski: Starts with individual biological & psychological needs.
Radcliffe-Brown: Starts with social relationships and social structure.
4. View of Society
Malinowski: Society helps individuals survive and fulfil needs (nutrition, safety, reproduction, movement, comfort).
Radcliffe-Brown: Society is like a structure made up of relationships, similar to an organism whose parts must function to keep the system working.
5. Method & Theory
Malinowski:
Emphasis on fieldwork (participant observation).
More empirical and descriptive.
Functionalism = how culture satisfies human needs.
Radcliffe-Brown:
More theoretical and generalising.
Emphasis on structure, norms, social roles.
Functionalism = how parts contribute to the stability of society.
6. Role of the Individual
Malinowski: Individual is central; culture exists because individuals need it.
Radcliffe-Brown: Individual is not important; only the social system matters.
7. Function
Malinowski: Function = satisfying individual needs.
Radcliffe-Brown: Function = contribution to maintaining social structure.
State and central government recruitment numbers since independence
Repost from Minds Of Aspirants (Official)
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