JEE NEET PDF STUDY MATERIALS

Handwritten short notes on Current Electricity ⚡️

Notes- Reproduction in Organism

Metallurgy

✅OVULATION DIAGRAM✅ 📝HANDWRITTEN NOTES📚

🌀♻️Atoms & Molecules♻️🌀 Around 500 BC, an Indian Philosopher Maharishi Kanad, first time postulated the concept of indivisible part of matter and named it ‘pramanu.’ In 1808, John Dalton used the term ‘atom’ and postulated the atomic theory to the study of matter. 🔅Dalton’s Atomic Theory ➖According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all matter, whether an element, a compound or a mixture is composed of small particles called atoms. ➖According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all matters, whether they are elements, compounds, or mixtures, are composed of small particles known as atoms. 🔅Salient features of Dalton’s Atomic Theory ➖All matter is made of very miniscule particles known as atoms. ➖Atom is an indivisible particle, which cannot be created or destroyed through chemical reaction. ➖All atoms of an element are identical in mass and chemical properties whereas, atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties. ➖To form a compound, atoms are combined in the ratio of small whole numbers. ➖In a given compound, the relative number and kinds of atoms are constant. 🔅Atomic Mass ➖The mass of an atom of a chemical element; it is expressed in atomic mass units (symbol is u). ➖The atomic mass is roughly equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons present in the atom. ➖One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to the exactly one-twelfth (1/12th) the mass of one atom of carbon-12 and the relative atomic masses of all elements have been calculated with respect to an atom of carbon-12. 🔅Molecule ➖The smallest particle of an element or a compound, which is capable to exist independently and shows all the properties of the respective substance. ➖A molecule, normally, is a group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together. ➖Atoms of the same element or of different elements can join (with chemical bond) together to form molecules. ➖The number of atoms that constitute a molecule is known as its atomicity. 🔅Ion ➖A charged particle is known as ion; it could be either negative charge or positive charge. ➖The positively charged ion is known as a ‘cation’. ➖The negatively charged ion is known as an ‘anion.’ 🔅Chemical Formulae ➖A chemical formula of a compound demonstrations its constituent elements and the number of atoms of each combining element. ➖The chemical formula of a compound is the symbolic representation of its Composition. ➖The combining capacity of an element is known as its ‘valency.’ 🔅Molecular Mass ➖The molecular mass of a substance is calculated by taking the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of respective substance. For example, the molecular mass of water is calculated as − ➖Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1u ➖Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 u ➖The water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. ➖Molecular Mass of Water is = 2 × 1+ 1×16 = 18 u (u is the symbol of molecular mass). 🔅Formula Unit Mass The formula unit mass of a substance is calculated by taking the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound. 🔅Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number ➖Avogadro was an Italian scientist who had given the concept of Avogadro Number (also known as Avogadro Constant). ➖The number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) present in 1 mole of any substance is fixed, and its value always calculated as 6.022 × 1023. ➖In 1896, Wilhelm Ostwald had introduced the concept of ‘mole;’ however, mole unit was accepted to provide a simple way of reporting a large number in 1967. 🔅Law of Conservation of Mass During a chemical reaction, sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains unchanged, which is known as the ‘Law of Conservation of Mass.’ 🔅Law of Definite Proportions In a pure chemical compound, its elements are always present in a definite proportion by mass, which is known as the ‘Law of Definite Proportions @pdfstudymaterialss

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Notes- The Living World

Notes- P Block (Inert Gas Family)

👨‍⚕🧑‍⚕ Types of Teeth and Their Functions There are 4 types of teeth in the oral cavity: 🦷 Incisors – The four front teeth in both the upper and lower jaws are called incisors.  Their primary function is to cut food.  The two incisors on either side of the midline are known as central incisors.  The two adjacent teeth to the central incisors are known as the lateral incisors.  Incisors have a single root and a sharp incisal edge. 🦷 Canines – There are four canines in the oral cavity. Two in the maxillary arch and two in the mandibular area.  They are behind and adjacent to the lateral incisors.  Their main function is to tear food.  They have a single, pointed cusp and a single root.  They have the longest root of any tooth.  They also serve to form the corners of the mouth. 🦷 Premolars (Bicuspids) – These teeth are located behind and adjacent to the canines and are designed to crush food.  There are eight premolars in the oral cavity.  There are two in each quadrant of the mouth.  The one closest to the midline is the first premolar and the one farthest from the midline is the second premolar.  These teeth can have 3-4 cusps.  The maxillary first premolar has two roots, and the remaining premolars have a single root.  There are no premolars in the primary dentition. 🦷 Molars – The most posterior teeth in the mouth are the molars.  They have broader and flatter surfaces with 4-5 cusps.  They are designed to grind food.  Mandibular molars typically have 2 roots.  Maxillary molars, which are located behind the second premolars, typically have 3 roots.  There are 12 molars in the permanent dentition with three in each quadrant of the mouth.  They are named starting with closest to the midline as first molars, second molars and third molars.  Although, some people do not fully develop the third molars.  Third molars are often referred to as wisdom teeth.  The primary dentition only contains eight molars. @pdfstudymaterialss

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🛑Major Role of Nutrients Various elements perform the following major role in the plants: (1) Construction of the plant body: The elements particularly C, H and O construct the plant body by entering into the constitution of cell wall and protoplasm. They are, therefore, referred to as frame work elements. Besides, these (C, H and O) N, P and S also enter in the constitution of protoplasm. They are described as protoplasmic elements. (2) Maintenance of osmotic pressure: Various minerals present in the cell sap in organic or inorganic form maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell. (3) Maintenance of permeability of cytomembranes: The minerals, particularly Ca++, K+ and Na+ maintain the permeability of cytomembranes. (4) Influence the pH of the cell sap: Different cations and anions influence on the pH of the cell sap. (5) Catalysis of biochemical reaction: Several elements particularly Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl act as metallic catalyst in biochemical reactions. (6) Toxic effects: Minerals like Cu, As, etc. impart toxic effect on the protoplasm under specific conditions. (7) Balancing function: Some minerals or their salts act against the harmful effect of the other nutrients, thus balancing each other. 🔔Specific Role of Macronutrients The role of different elements is described below: (1) Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen: These three elements though cannot be categorized as mineral elements, are indispensible for plant growth. These are also called 'framework elements'. (2) Nitrogen: Nitrogen is an essential constituent of proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins and many other organic molecules as chlorophyll. Nitrogen is also present in various hormones, coenzymes and ATP etc. (i) Deficiency symptoms: The symptoms of nitrogen deficiency are as follows: (a) Impaired growth (b) Yellowing of leaves due to loss of chlorophyll, i.e., chlorosis. (c) Development of anthocyanin pigmentation in veins, sometimes in petioles and stems. (d) Delayed or complete suppression of flowering and fruiting. (3) Phosphorus: Phosphorous is present abundantly in the growing and storage organs such as fruits and seeds. It promotes healthy root growth and fruit ripening by helping translocation of carbohydrates. (i) Deficiency symptoms (a) Leaves become dark green or purplish. (b) Sometimes development of anthocyanin pigmentation occurs in veins which may become necrotic (Necrosis is defined as localised death of cells). (c) Premature fall of leaves. (4) Sulphur Functions: Sulphur is a constituent of amino-acids like cystine, cysteine and methionine; vitamins like biotin and thiamine, and coenzyme A. Deficiency symptoms a) Leaf tips and margins roll downwards and inwards e.g., tobacco, tea and tomato. b) Premature leaf fall. c) Delayed flowering and fruiting. (5) Potassium Functions (a) It differs from all other macronutrients in not being a constituent of any metabolically important compound. (b) It is the only monovalent cation essential for the plants. (c) It acts as an activator of several enzymes including DNA polymerase. Deficiency symptoms (a) Mottled chlorosis followed by the development of necrotic areas at the tips and margins of the leaves. (b) K+ deficiency inhibits proteins synthesis and photosynthesis. At the same time, it increases the rate of respiration. (c) The internodes become shorter and root system is adversely affected. (6) Calcium Functions (a) It is necessary for formation of middle lamella of plants where it occurs as calcium pectate. (b) It is necessary for the growth of apical meristem and root hair formation. (c) It acts as activator of several enzymes, e.g., ATPase, succinic dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, etc. Deficiency symptoms (a) Ultimate death of meristems which are found in shoot, leaf and root tips. (b) Chlorosis along the margins of young leaves, later on they become necrotic. (c) Distortion in leaf shape. @pdfstudymaterialss

Metallurgy @pdfstudymaterials

Tricks for Conversions in Organic Chemistry ✅Haloalkanes can give you every possible functional group. They can also help you in increasing the chain size. So you might want to convert your starting material to haloalkanes and then go to the desired product ✅Remember the series of oxidation/reduction: Hydrocarbons (with various substituents) can be oxidised to alcohols, then appropriate carbonyl compounds and lastly carboxylic acids (or their derivatives) ✅Strong oxidizing agents are KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 ✅Mild oxidising agents depending on the situation are CrO4, Ammoniacal AgNO3, Benedicts Solution, Fehling’s solution, Cu or CuO at 573K, Bromine water etc. ✅Any carboxylic acid derivative can be converted back to the carboxylic acid by hydrolysis. ✅There are possibilities of hydride and methyl to get the most stable intermediate (carbocation/free radical) ✅A most common reaction, if your starting material is an alkane, is free-radical halogenation. ✅Saytzeff/Markovnikov's rules must be kept in mind while dealing with alkenes (they are based on the electron displacement effects only) ✅Decarboxylation and ozonolysis could go-to methods for decreasing the number of carbon atoms ✅Grignard reagent gives you the much-needed Alkyl nucleophile, which can be used at appropriate places. @pdfstudymaterialss

Notes- Electrostatic @pdfstudymaterialss

🔥MATHEMATICS CHAPTER NOTES CLASS 12🔥 Chapter 1 – Relations and Functions Chapter 2 – Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 3 – Matrices Chapter 4 – Determinants Chapter 5 – Continuity and Differentiability Chapter 6 – Application of Derivatives Chapter 7 – Integrals Chapter 8 – Application of Integrals Chapter 9 – Differential Equations Chapter 10 – Vector Algebra Chapter 11 – Three Dimensional Geometry Chapter 12 – Linear Programming Chapter 13 – Probability Chapter 14 - permutation and combinations

Human female Reproductive Parts

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