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Biology a. A population is a group of individuals belonging to one species usually occupying a defined area at a defined time. Populations of living things interact with Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory). succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. The time scale can be decades or more or less. Hormones are chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body. After being made in one part of the body, they travel to other parts of the body where they help control how cells and organs do their work. https://t.me/+D6vHWbxQGE9lMjI0

*Costing Accounting* Qu1 a) Overhead is the aggregate of indirect costs incurred. It is the sum of indirect material cost, indirect labor cost, and indirect expense. Overheads are categorized into i) Financial Overhead ii) Selling and Distribution Overheads iii) Factory/Production Overhead and iv) Selling and distribution overhead. b)The elements of cost are; Material Cost, Labour Cost, and Expenses. C) i) Material Cost - This is the cost of commodities except fixed assets introduced into products. It can also be defined as any physical substances that go into the production of goods and services. Examples of materials are; raw. materials, factory supplies, components, spare parts, etc. Material can be grouped into two: Direct and Indirect Material Costs. Direct Material Cost- They are materials that can be traced or identified with a cost center or cost unit.Example leader, timber, cloth, steel, and bricks. Indirect Material Cost-They is materials that cannot be traced or identified with a cost center or cost unit. They do not form part of the finished good. Examples are; pins, bolts, nuts, thread, sandpaper works, soap for washing, and rag for cleaning dust. ii) LABOUR COST- It is for the cost of remuneration (wages, salaries, commissions, bonuses, etc) of the employees of an activity. Thus, it is a payment made to workers for their services. It is divided into two namely direct labor and indirect labor cost. Direct Labour Cost- Tare that part of labor cost which can easily be traced or identified with a cost center or cost unit. That is, wages are paid directly to workers who are directly engaged in the work. Examples are; wages paid to machine operators, tailors, Mason, Carpenter, etc. Indirect Labor Cost- They are that part of labor cost which cannot easily be traced or identified with a cost center or cost unit. They are wages incurred that do not alter the construction, conformation, composition, or condition of the product. Examples are; wages for cleaners and repairers, security men, inspectors, clerks, etc. iii) EXPENSES - They are all costs except material and labor costs. Examples are; rent rates, insurance, royalty, depreciation, hire of special plants, etc. Expenses may be grouped into direct and indirect expenses. Direct Expenses - These are expenses that can be traced or identified with a cost center(department) or cost unit. They are those expenses that are specifically incurred in connection with a particular job or cost unit. Examples are; Hire of a special plant for a job, cost of drawings, design, and layouts, traveling expenses in securing a particular contract, etc. Indirect Expenses- These are expenses that cannot be easily traced or identified with a cost center or cost unit. Examples are rents and rates, insurance, repairs, lighting, power, advertising, etc. https://t.me/+D6vHWbxQGE9lMjI0

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GEN AGRIC SOLUTIONS 1a. In four objectives of mechanizing mare products. 1.To improve timeliness of maize production 2. To enhance safety of farm operatins. 3. To help reduce Crop losses 4. To increase productivity of I and resources inmaice production. 1(b) Four problems of mechaniad farming i. most forms are small and fongmented ii. lack or adequate servicing agents or personell iii.High cost of form machinery. iv. inadequate trained man power ومه 1C. Four Safety measures i. Animals must always be approached with cantins ii. Precaution must be taken against when approaching animals iii. Animals must be restrained properly iv.. Farmer must always have exit strategy is mind 1d)-disc ploughs losses soil without much clogging and after use does not require another operation unlike the mouldboard ploughs -Disc ploughs can be used to plough hard, trasty and stony areas which is not possible wsing mouldboard ploughs https://chat.whatsapp.com/B5B6UBj7fFE2qc2G9zovwe

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(6) Educates The Consumers: Advertising is educational and dynamic in nature. It familiarises the customers with the new products and their diverse uses and also educates them about the new uses of existing products. (7) Elimination of Middlemen: It aims at establishing a direct link between the manufacturer and the consumer, thereby eliminating the marketing intermediaries. This increases the profits of the manufacturer and the consumer gets the products at lower prices. (8) Better Quality Products:Different goods are advertised under different brand names. A branded product assures a standard quality to the consumers. The manufacturer provides quality goods to the consumers and tries to win their confidence in his product. (9) Supports The Salesmanship: Advertising greatly facilitates the work of a salesman. The customers are already familiar with the product which the salesman sells. The selling efforts of a salesman are greatly supplemented by advertising. It has been rightly pointed out that “selling and advertising are cup and saucer, hook and eye, or key and lock wards.” (10) More Employment Opportunities: Advertising provides and creates more employment opportunities for many talented people like painters, photographers, singers, cartoonists, musicians, models and people working in different advertising agencies. Share And Support Us: https://chat.whatsapp.com/B5B6UBj7fFE2qc2G9zovwe

MANAGEMENT ANSWERS 5ai) Consumerism is a cultural model that promotes the acquisition of goods, and especially the purchase of goods, as a vehicle for personal satisfaction and economic stimulation. 5aii) Consumer education is the preparation of an individual to be capable of making informed decisions when it comes to purchasing products in a consumer culture. It generally covers various consumer goods and services, prices, what the consumer can expect, standard trade practices, etc. 5aiii) An advertisement is a paid announcement in a newspaper, on television, or on a poster that tells people about a product, event, or job vacancies 5iv) Consumers can be either an individual or group of people who purchase or use goods and services solely for personal use, and not for manufacturing or resale. They are the end-users in the sales distribution chain. 5b) 1.Social media advertising Companies use social media advertising to promote their products or services on various platforms. Social media advertising, like other digital advertising, enables companies to target specific audiences. They may focus on reaching customers based on their geographic location, age group or buying habits. They can either pay for the platforms to promote their advertisements, or they can use more organic methods. 2. Podcast advertising In podcast advertising, companies can sponsor podcasts or have advertisements for their products or services played during the episodes. Typically, podcasts play ads at the beginning, middle and end of episodes. Similar to radio advertising, companies can research which podcasts are most popular with their target audience. 3. Radio advertising Radio is another form of broadcast advertising that plays ads during programming breaks. Customers can hear radio advertisements while conducting other activities, such as driving or doing household chores. Like television, radio enables the repetition of advertisements, which can give companies more recognition with consumers. 4. Television advertising Television advertising is a type of broadcast advertising where companies advertise their products or services through 20-, 30- or 60-second TV commercials. It can be costly but enables companies to repeat their advertisements regularly. 5Direct mail advertising Direct mail is a type of print advertising that sends advertisements to customers through the mail. Examples include brochures, catalogs, newsletters and flyers. This approach enables companies to identify an even more targeted market than other print advertising formats because it distributes ads via a direct mailing list. 5c) (1) Introduces a New Product in the Market: Advertising plays significant role in the introduction of a new product in the market. It stimulates the people to purchase the product. (2) Expansion of the Market: It enables the manufacturer to expand his market. It helps in exploring new markets for the product and retaining the existing markets. It plays a sheet anchor role in widening the marketing for the manufacturer’s products even by conveying the customers living at the far flung and remote areas. (3) Increased Sales: Advertisement facilitates mass production to goods and increases the volume of sales. In other words, sales can be increased with additional expenditure on advertising with every increase in sale, selling expenses will decrease. (4) Fights Competition:Advertising is greatly helpful in meeting the forces of competition prevalent in the market. Continuous advertising is very essential in order to save the product from the clutches of the competitors. (5) Enhances Good-Will: Advertising is instrumental in increasing goodwill of the concern. It introduces the manufacturer and his product to the people. Repeated advertising and better quality of products brings more reputation for the manufacturer and enhances goodwill for the concern.

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