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Important points Electric Charges and Fields 1. Electric Charge Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electric and magnetic effect. 2. Conductors and Insulators Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity through them are called conductors, e.g. metals, the earth and those substances which offer high resistance to the passage of electricity are called insulators, e.g. plastic rod and nylon. 3. Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity. 4. Additivity of Charges- Charge are scalars and they add up like real numbers. It means if a system consists of n charges q1, q2, q3 , … ,qn, then total charge of the system will be q1 +q2 + … +qn. 5. Conservation of Charge The total charge of an isolated system is always conserved, i.e. initial and final charge of the system will be same. 6. Quantisation of Charge -Charge exists in discrete amount rather than continuous value and hence, quantised. Mathematically, charge on an object, q=±ne where, n is an integer and e is electronic charge. When any physical quantity exists in discrete packets rather than in continuous amount, the quantity is said to be quantised. Hence, charge is quantised. 7. Units of Charge (i) SI unit coulomb (C) (ii) CGS system (a) electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C) (b) electromagnetic unit, emu of charge or ab-C (ab-coulomb) 1 ab-C = 10 C, 1 C = 3 x 109 stat-C

Openstudysolution Tm Electric Dipole Quick Review 🤗 🔻The energy of electric dipole is given by U = – p.E. 🔻The energy of a magnetic dipole is U = – μ .B C. 🔻Electric Charge : Q = ± ne (e = 1.60218 × 10-29 C) 🔻SI unit of Electric Charge is Coulomb (C) 🔻Coulomb’s Law : Electrostatic Force (F) = k[q1q2/r2] and, In Vector Form : →F=k(q1q2)×→r/r3 Where, q1 and q2 = Charges on the Particle, r = Separation between them, →r = Position Vector, k = Constant = 14πϵ0=8.98755×109Nm2C2 🔻Electric Current : The current at Time t : i=limΔt→0 ΔQ/Δt= dQ/dT Where Δ Q and Δ T = Charges crosses an Area in time Δ T SI unit of Current is Ampere (A) and 1A = 1 C/s 🔻Average current density: →j=Δi/Δs j=limΔs→0 Δi/Δs=di/dS , j=Δi/ΔScosθ Where, Δ S = Small Area, Δ i = Current through the Area Δ S, P = Perpendicular to the flow of Charges, θ = Angle Between the normal to the Area and the direction of the current. 🔻Kirchhoff’s Law: Law of Conservation of Charge: I3 = I1 + I2 Resistance 🔻Resistivity : ρ(T)=ρ(T0)[1+α(T−T0)] R (T) =R (T0) [1+α (T−T0)] Where, ρ (T) and ρ (T0) = Resistivity at Temperature T and T0 respectively, α = Constant for given material. 🔻Lorentz Force : →F=q[→E+(→v×→B)] Where, E = Electric Field, B = Magnetic Field, q = Charge of Particle, v = Velocity of Particle. 🔻Magnetic Flux: Magnetic Flux through Area dS = ϕ=→B⋅d → S= B⋅dS Cos θ Where, d→S = Perpendicular vector to the surface and has a magnitude equal to are Ds, →B = Magnetic Field at an element, θ = Angle Between →B and d→S, SI unit of Magnetic Flux is Weber (Wb).

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