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𝐌𝐀𝐊𝐋𝐔𝐌𝐀𝐍 Semakan Keputusan Calon Jaya ke Kolej Matrikulasi Sesi 2022/2023 boleh dibuat mulai Sabtu, 16 Julai 2022 bermula jam 5.00 petang di pautan https://matrikulasi.moe.gov.my/ #matrikulasidihatiku #menerajukejayaanmasadepan

Hi guys, congratulation for us for finishing our exam and matrik life 🥰 happy holiday and happy graduation!!

Just an analysis, but it is useful for u to check which subtopic u haven't study :)

Mechanism of muscle contraction: 1. At rest, tropomyosin blocks the myosin attachment to actin 2. Upon stimulation by nerve impulse, Ca2+ are released by sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. Ca2+ bind to troponin complex, causing troponin complex to change its shape 4. Causing tropomyosin to shift position 5. And expose the myosin binding site of actin During muscle contraction: - position of myosin remains unchanged - actin slides past one another - Myofibril becomes shorter, thicker - Sacromere: Z: come close together M: no change H: shorten I: shorten A: no change in length During muscle relaxation: - position of myosin unchanged - actin slides out to the original position - muscle reverts to its original size

Immunity: Process of recognizing foreign or dangerous macromolecules & responding to eliminate them. Vaccine: A substance containing a harmless form of the antigen that cause a particular disease.

3 types of antigen & antibody interactions: 1. Neutralization - bind to antigens, neutralize the virus (block its ability to bind to host cell) - bind to toxins (prevent toxins enter body cells) 2. Opsonization - bind to antigens on the surface of bacteria/virus, forming aggregates (promote phagocytosis by macrophages/neutrophils) 3. Activation of complement system & pore formation - bind to antigens on surface of pathogenic cell, activates the complement system, forms membrane attack complex, makes pores in pathogenic cell membrane (cause water & ions enter), cause cell swell & lysed

Definition of speciation: Formation of new species from pre-existing species

Humoral immune response: 7. The antigen also bind to the receptor B cell which then degrades it into fragments 8. B cell displays the fragment together with class II MHC molecule on its surface 9. Activated helper T cell binds with B cell & secrete Interleukin 2 (IL-2) 10. IL-2 then activates the B cell 11. An activated B cell proliferates & differentiates into plasma cells & memory B cells 12. Plasma cell produces & secretes antibodies that bind to the antigen 13. Memory B cell responds during a 2nd infection of the same antigen ‐------------------------------------------------------------- Cell-mediated immune response: 7. Activated helper T cell secretes IL-2 & activates the cytotoxic T cell 8. An activated cytotoxic T cell proliferate & differentiate into active cytotoxic T cell & memory cytotoxic T cell 9. Active cytotoxic T cell binds to MHC-antigen complex (class I) on an infected cell via its T cell receptor with the aid of CD4 10. The cytotoxic T cell releases perforin molecules which form pores in the infected cell membrane & also enzyme that break down the infected cell (granzymes). Granzymes enter the infected cell by endocytosis 11. The infected cell rupture & die