BELAJAR BAHASA INGGRIS

Phrasal verbs A phrasal verb is a phrase (a group of two or more words working together) that functions as a verb.    For example, any of these phrases would mean something completely different if one of the words were removed: ask around blow up break down burn out calm down come forward deal with get away with hand down look up to put up with show up run away run into work out Most phrasal verbs have single-word synonyms—for example, exercise for work out, flee for run away, arrive for show up. In formal writing, the single-word equivalents are usually best. But in other kinds of writing, phrasal verbs help convey a casual, light tone and may have shades of meaning not covered by the shorter alternatives. False phrasal verbs Some common phrases resemble phrasal verbs but are actually redundancies.  For example, each of these phrases would convey the same meaning without the second word: calculate out climb up meet up rest up sit down stand up write down Phrasal verbs and spaces Many phrasal verbs have corresponding one-word nouns—such as breakdown, burnout, meltdown, runaway, shutout, workout. When using the phrasal verb forms, don’t forget to keep the space. For example, this is questionable: Here, the writer should use the phrasal verb work out instead of the noun workout. (c) grammarist.com

MODAL VERBS IN ENGLISH | INFOGRAPHIC @fosilmedia | (c) eslgrammar.comqqq

MODAL VERBS List of Modal Verbs What is a modal verb? The modal verbs of English are a small class of auxiliary verbs used to express possibility, obligation, advice, permission, ability, … Modal verbs list in the English language: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Must, Shall, Should, Ought to… Modal Verbs: Rules & Examples Learn how and when to use modal verbs in English with rules and example sentences. 1. To indicate that something is probable or possible, or not so. For example: It is sunny today; it must be warm outside. = It is sunny today; it is probably warm outside. His mobile is not reachable; he may/might/could be travelling by metro. = His mobile is not reachable; it is possible that he is travelling by metro. This can’t be our bill. = It is not possible that this is our bill. 2. ‘Can’ and ‘could’ are used to refer to skills and abilities. For example: He can cover a hundred metres in under ten seconds. My father could see perfectly before the age of fifty. I can’t ride a horse. 3. ‘Must’ is used to indicate that something is necessary or of extreme importance, and ‘should’ is used to suggest that something is advisable. For example: You must do your homework. You mustn’t skip school. You should say sorry. You shouldn’t smoke. 4. ‘Can’, ‘could’ and ‘may’ are used to ask for, give and withhold permission. For example: Can I try my hand at it? Could we disperse early today? You may not enter the premises. 5. ‘Will’ and ‘would’ are used to refer to habits and inclinations. For example: When I was a child, I would often climb trees. I will never refuse you anything. He would never do such a thing. Note: These verbs differ from ordinary verbs in 3 respects. When used with the third person singular (he, she), they don’t require the addition of an ‘s’. They can be used to form questions by inverting the structure of the sentence. They can be followed directly by the verb, without the use of ‘to’. @fosilmedia | (c) eslgrammar.org

Using "to be born" "To be born" is a passive form and is most commonly used in the past tense. However, in some cases, the present or future tense issue appropriate. Examples •I was born in 1976. •Where were you born? •Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week. •We don't know on exactly which day the baby will be born. (c) ef.com

Passive voice with gerunds Gerunds are used after prepositions and verbs normally followed by a gerund. Examples •I remember being taught to drive. •The children are excited about being taken to the zoo. •The children are excited to be taken to the zoo. •Most film stars hate being interviewed. •Most film stars hate to be interviewed. •Poodles like to be pampered. •Poodles like being pampered. (c) ef.com

Passive voice with infinitives The infinitive passive voice is used after modal verbs and other most verbs normally followed by an infinitive. Examples •You have to be tested on your English grammar. •John might be promoted next year. •You may be disappointed. (c) ef.com

Forming the passive voice The passive voice in English is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' + past participle (c) ef.com

Passive voice Functions of the passive voice The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence. Examples •The passive voice is used frequently. (= we are interested in the passive voice, not in who uses it.) •The house was built in 1654. (= we are interested in the house, not in who built it.) •The road is being repaired. (= we are interested in the road, not in the people who are doing the repairs.) Sometimes we use the passive voice because we don't know or do not want to express who performed the action. Examples I noticed that a window had been left open. Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads. All the cookies have been eaten. My car has been stolen! The passive voice is often used in formal texts. Switching to the active voice will make your writing clearer and easier to read. Active A few well-chosen words convey a great deal of meaning. Passive A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a few well-chosen words. If we want to say who or what performs the action while using the passive voice, we use the preposition by. When we know who performed the action and are interested in him, it is always better to switch to the active voice instead. Active This house was built by my father. Passive My father built this house. | (c) ef.com

•Future Perfect Continuous (c) byjus.com

•Future Perfect (c) byjus.com

•Future Continuous (c) byjus.com

•Simple Past (c) byjus.com

•Simple Future (c) byjus.com

Future Tense The actions that are to take place in the future fall in the category of future tense. We have discussed the sub parts of future tense in detail further below in the article, followed by the examples for the same. (c) byjus.com

•Present Perfect Continuous Tense (c) byjus.com

•Present Perfect (c) byjus.com

• Simple Present (c) byjus.com

Present Tense Present Tense can be defined as an expression for an activity that is currently in action or is habitually performed. It is used for a state that generally exists or is currently on going. byjus.com

English Articles – A, An, The “A/an” and “The” are the two types of English articles. There are rules to help you decide which one to use, but first, you need to know what type of noun you are using. Grammar rule 1 When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say “please pass me pen”, we must say “please pass me the pen” or “please pass me a pen” or “please pass me your pen”. Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as ‘life’, ‘happiness’ and so on, or materials and substances, such as ‘coffee’, or ‘wood’. Grammar rule 2 Uncountable nouns don’t use ‘a’ or ‘an’. This is because you can’t count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can’t say “he gave me an advice”, but you can say “he gave me some advice”, or “he gave me a piece of advice”. Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say “coffee” meaning the product, but we say “a coffee” when asking for one cup of coffee. Grammar rule 3 You can use ‘the’ to make general things specific. You can use ‘the’ with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable. “Please pass me a pen” – any pen. “Please pass me the pen” – the one that we can both see. “Children grow up quickly” – children in general. “The children I know grow up quickly” – not all children, just the ones I know. “Poetry can be beautiful”- poetry in general. “The poetry of Hopkins is beautiful” – I’m only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote. More uses of English articles Here are some more rules for when we use English articles “a/an” and “the” – or when we omit the article: Rivers, mountain ranges, seas, oceans and geographic areas all use ‘the‘. For example, “The Thames”, “The Alps”, “The Atlantic Ocean”, “The Middle East”. Unique things have ‘the’. For example, “the sun”, “the moon”. Some institutional buildings don’t have an article if you visit them for the reason these buildings exist. But if you go to the building for another reason, you must use ‘the’. “Her husband is in prison.” (He’s a prisoner.) “She goes to the prison to see him once a month.” “My son is in school.” (He’s a student.) “I’m going to the school to see the head master.” “She’s in hospital at the moment.” (She’s ill.) “Her husband goes to the hospital to see her every afternoon.” Musical instruments use ‘the‘. “She plays the piano.” Sports don’t have an article. “He plays football.” Illnesses don’t have an article. “He’s got appendicitis.” But we say “a cold” and “a headache”. Jobs use ‘a’. “I’m a teacher.” Countries We don’t use ‘a’ if the country is singular. “He lives in England.” But if the country’s name has a “plural” meaning, we use ‘the’. “The People’s Republic of China”, “The Netherlands”, “The United States of America”. Continents, towns and streets don’t have an article. “Africa”, “New York”. Theatres, cinemas and hotels have ‘the’. “The Odeon”, “The Almeira”, “The Hilton”. Abbreviations use ‘the’. “the UN”, “the USA”, “the IMF”. We use ‘the’ before classes of people. “the rich”, “the poor”, “the British”. (c) English-at-home.com

Word order in English Verb + Object The most common order of words in sentences is as follows: Subject + Verb + Object Examples: Sally speaks English. John reads the newspaper.   Place & Time In English, the place is usually mentioned before the time. Examples: I go to the supermarket every Saturday.(NOT: I go every Saturday to the supermarket) Bill has lived in London for 10 years.(NOT: Bill has lived for 10 years in London)   Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of frequency such as always, never, sometimes, often, rarely, etc. generally go before the verb. Examples: Susan often goes shopping. I never gamble. They always sleep early. However, with the verb to be, they go after the verb. Examples: She is rarely late. He is never home before dark. They can also go between two verbs. Examples: I will always remember my brother. I have never been to Japan. http://engvid.com