UPSC WITH SAURABH SIR 2026
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GS-3 Science & Tech: 18 Must-Know Topics for UPSC Mains 2026
1. Space Technology
--Gaganyaan Mission
--NISAR Satellite (NASA-ISRO collaboration)
--Private Space Sector Policy
--Chandrayaan-4 & Shukrayaan-1
--Space Situational Awareness
2. Artificial Intelligence & Digital
--IndiaAI Mission 2024
--Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023
--AI in Governance (e-Courts, UMANG, DigiLocker)
--Ethical AI & Regulation
3. Quantum Technology
--National Quantum Mission 2023
--Quantum Computing applications
--Quantum Communication & Cryptography
4. Defence Technology
--Anti-Drone Systems (Indrajaal, Zen Anti-Drone)
--Arudhra Mk-IV Radar
--Hypersonic Technology (HSTDV)
--Agnipath Scheme & Defence Modernisation
--Indigenous Defence Production (Atmanirbhar Bharat)
5. Biotechnology & Health
--Cervavac (Cervical Cancer Vaccine)
--Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) National Action Plan
--Small Modular Reactors (SMR) Policy 2024
--Gene Editing & CRISPR applications
--One Health Approach
6. Green Hydrogen & Clean Energy
--National Green Hydrogen Mission
--Green Hydrogen Hubs
--Renewable Energy Integration
Energy Storage Systems
7. Cybersecurity
--National Cyber Security Strategy 2025
--Data Protection & Privacy
--Critical Infrastructure Protection
--Cyber Warfare & Defence
8. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
--UPI & Digital Payments
--Aadhaar & JAM Trinity
--DigiLocker & e-Governance
--ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce)
--India Stack & Global DPI Export
Kal se ek-ek topic ka detailed breakdown â Mains-oriented, PYQ-linked aur exam-ready
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Science & Tech chhota lagta hai, par GS-3 me damage yahin karta hai. đ
UPSC Mains 2026 ke liye 18 high-probability topics â trend analysis + PYQ mapping + exam-ready approach.
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Kal se series start â AI Mission, Space Tech, Quantum aur baaki sab ek-ek karke simplify karenge.
Save karo aur group me share karo ....
UPSC Mains Syllabus for GS 4 (Paper V)
Paper-V: General Studies- IV: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
â Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in-human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics - in private and public relationships.
â Human Values - lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
âAttitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
âAptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.
âEmotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.
âContributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
âPublic/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance.
âProbity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizenâs Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.
âCase Studies on above issues
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UPSC Mains Syllabus for GS 3 (Paper IV)
Paper-IV: General Studies-III: Technology, Economic Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management
â Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.
âInclusive growth and issues arising from it.
âGovernment Budgeting.
â Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, - different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
âIssues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System-objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
âFood processing and related industries in India- scopeâ and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
âLand reforms in India.
âEffects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
âInfrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
âInvestment models.
âScience and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
â Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
â Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, Nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
â Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
â Disaster and disaster management.
â Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
â Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
â Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention.
â Security challenges and their management in border areas - linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
â- Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate....
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UPSC Mains Syllabus for GS 2 (Paper III)
Paper-III: General Studies- II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations.
âIndian Constitutionâhistorical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
âFunctions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
âSeparation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
â Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.
âParliament and State legislaturesâstructure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
âStructure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the JudiciaryâMinistries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
âSalient features of the Representation of Peopleâs Act.
âAppointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.
â-Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.
âGovernment policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
â Development processes and the development industry âthe role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
â- Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.
Role of civil services in a democracy.
India and its neighborhood- relations.
Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting Indiaâs interests.
Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on Indiaâs interests, Indian diaspora.
Important International institutions, agencies and fora - their structure, mandate....
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UPSC Mains Syllabus for GS 1 (Paper II)
Paper-II: General Studies-I: Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society.
â Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.
âModern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.
âThe Freedom Struggle â its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.
âPost-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
âHistory of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.â their forms and effect on the society.
âSalient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
âRole of women and womenâs organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
âEffects of globalization on Indian society.
âSocial empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
âSalient features of worldâs physical geography.
âDistribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).
âImportant Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes....
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UPSC Mains Syllabus 2026
1. Qualifying Papers (Indian Languages and English)
â- The papers on Indian Languages and English will be of Matriculation or equivalent standard and will be of qualifying nature only. The marks obtained in these papers will not be counted for ranking.
â- The candidates will have to answer the English and Indian Languages papers in English and the respective Indian language (except where translation is involved)...
2. The UPSC Mains Essay( Paper -1 )
Essay Paper carrying 250 marks, requires candidates to write two essays on topics related to society, governance, economy, philosophy, environment, and contemporary issues.
Hello Aspirants
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MAINS PROGRAMME 2026
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