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pharmacy all semester notes and study material previous year qus

pharmacy all semester notes and study material previous year qus

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B PHARMACY previous year qus paper NOTES , BooKs ( B/D PHARMACY) šŸŸ¢ Search the name of file and you got it in channel #pharmacynotes #PharmaD #medical #Pharmacist #Dpharmacy šŸ™ JOIN US AND SUPPORT

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pharmacy all semester notes and study material previous year qus

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šŸ§  Clinical Overview of Selected Psychoactive Substances 1. Heroin (Diacetylmorphine) Class: Semi-synthetic opioid, rapidly metabolized to morphine. ā­•ļøMechanism: Ī¼-opioid receptor agonist ā†’ strong analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression. Clinical Concerns: Rapid CNS penetration ā†’ intense addiction potential. Overdose: respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, coma (ā€œopioid triadā€). Withdrawal: agitation, mydriasis, rhinorrhea, diarrhea, muscle cramps. šŸ’ŠAntidote: Naloxone (IV/IM/IN) for acute overdose. Long-term Risks: HIV, HCV (injection use), collapsed veins, endocarditis. 2. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, "Meow Meow") Class: Synthetic cathinone, stimulant (ā€œbath saltsā€). ā­•ļøMechanism: Increases synaptic dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin (reuptake inhibition + release). Clinical Concerns: Acute: euphoria, hyperstimulation, increased sociability. Toxicity: tachycardia, hypertension, agitation, paranoia, seizures, hyperthermia. Chronic: neurotoxicity, dependence, psychiatric disorders. šŸ’ŠNo specific antidote ā†’ manage supportively (benzodiazepines for agitation/seizures, cooling for hyperthermia). 3. Cocaine Class: Stimulant, local anesthetic. ā­•ļøMechanism: Blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin. Clinical Concerns: Acute: intense euphoria, tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis. Complications: myocardial infarction (coronary vasospasm), stroke, seizures, sudden death. Chronic: septal perforation (snorting), psychiatric effects, strong addiction potential. šŸ’ŠTreatment of Toxicity: Benzodiazepines (for agitation, hypertension), avoid Ī²-blockers (unopposed Ī±-effect). 4. Caffeine Class: Methylxanthine stimulant. ā­•ļøMechanism: Adenosine receptor antagonist ā†’ ā†‘ CNS stimulation, ā†‘ catecholamines. Clinical Concerns: Moderate dose: alertness, reduced fatigue. High dose: anxiety, tachycardia, insomnia, GI upset. Toxic dose (>1 g): arrhythmias, seizures. Withdrawal: Headache, irritability, fatigue. 5. Dopamine (DA) Class: Endogenous catecholamine. ā­•ļøMechanism (dose-dependent): Low dose: D1 receptor ā†’ renal vasodilation. Moderate dose: Ī²1 receptor ā†’ ā†‘ cardiac contractility. High dose: Ī±1 receptor ā†’ vasoconstriction. šŸ’ŠClinical Use: Cardiogenic/septic shock (IV infusion). Adverse Effects: Tachyarrhythmias, extravasation necrosis (treat with phentolamine). 6. Opioids (general, incl. Morphine, Codeine, Fentanyl) Class: Ī¼-opioid receptor agonists. Effects: Analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, euphoria. Clinical Concerns: Overdose ā†’ respiratory arrest. Dependence & tolerance common. šŸ’ŠAntidote: Naloxone (short-acting), Naltrexone (maintenance). Clinical Uses: Pain, anesthesia, palliative care, cough, diarrhea. 7. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Class: Endogenous catecholamine, adrenergic agonist. ā­•ļøMechanism: Ī±1 ā†’ vasoconstriction, ā†‘ BP. Ī²1 ā†’ ā†‘ HR, ā†‘ contractility. Ī²2 ā†’ bronchodilation. āœ…ļøClinical Uses: Anaphylaxis (IM first-line). Cardiac arrest (IV/IO). Added to local anesthetics (vasoconstriction). Adverse Effects: Tachyarrhythmias, hypertension, anxiety, tremor. šŸ”‘ Key Clinical Pearls Heroin & opioids: respiratory depression is the killer ā†’ always think naloxone. Mephedrone & cocaine: sympathetic storm ā†’ benzodiazepines are first-line. Caffeine: mild compared to others, but toxicity at high doses. Dopamine & adrenaline: dose-dependent receptor activity ā†’ lifesaving in shock/anaphylaxis. šŸ“š References Pharmacotherapy Principles and Practice, 6th Edition American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) ā€“ Toxicology & Critical Care UpToDate (Opioid toxicity, Cocaine, Synthetic cathinones, Caffeine, Dopamine in shock, Epinephrine) Lexicomp (Lexi-Drugs Online) Goodman & Gilmanā€™s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition
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