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𝙳𝙴𝙽𝚃𝙰𝙻 𝚂𝚃𝚄𝙳𝚈 𝙽𝙾𝚃𝙴𝚂.𝟻

𝙳𝙴𝙽𝚃𝙰𝙻 𝚂𝚃𝚄𝙳𝚈 𝙽𝙾𝚃𝙴𝚂.𝟻

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{‏رَّبِّ زِدْنِي عِلْمًا} 👩🏻‍🎓🎓💉🦷✨ قناة طب أسنان مرحلة خامسة جامعة بغداد (لطفاً… لمن استفاد بشيء من هذه القناة قرائة سورة الفاتحة على روح والدي🤍)

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………………provides a source of essential nutrients for many obligate anaerobes
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هنا أيضاً صحيح أنو الlactobacillus و الstreptococcus لگوها بالroot carious lesions

Gram-negative anaerobic cocci appear as plaque oxygen levels fall, unable to metabolize dietary carbohydrates but use lactate that is produced by other microorganisms and convert to weaker acids
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They have been frequently isolated from both root caries lesions and sound root surface, suggesting their association with root caries.
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……………the organisms with the disease may also present at sound sites but at a low level
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……caries is consequence of overall acid production activity of total plaque microflora rather than a few specific bacteria but also species that produce alkali or consume lactate need to be considered
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………… led to the identification of a single or very small numbers of species were actively involved in disease.
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LACTOBACCILI 📎aerotolerant / anaerobic 📎acid tolerant (aciduric) ممكن تسوي glycolysis بpH 3 📎poor colonizer of smooth tooth surface لذلك يظنون انهم يسوؤون حالات الinitial enamel lesions و تصير deep dentine lesion 📎produce both EPS + IPS 📎positive correlation بين عددهم بالسلايڤا و البلاك و الcaries activity

Streptococcus = gram-positive facultative coccus Lactobacillus =gram-positive aero tolerant or anaerobic bacilli Actinomyces = gram-positive anaerobic pleomorphic rod-shaped Veillonella = gram-negative anaerobic cocci

Steptococcus mutans 🦠Attach to tooth surface by: 🦠1) extra cellular proteins (adhesins) on fimbriae 🦠2) sucrose —> extracellular polysaccharides (glucans) 📌rapid lactic acid production (sugar substrate) 📌production intracellular polysaccharide energy stores باختصار ذني البكتريا يستمعلون السكر حتى يعيشون و يتكاثرون و بالتالي الwaste product مالتهم هو acid اكثر شي lactic acid لكن ممكن butyric او propionic او غيرهم

Streptococci 4 species groups: -mitis -mutant -salivarious -sanguinosus 🔺-S. sanguis ——> initiation plaque formation 🔺-S.mitis ——> role in gingivitis, periodontitis isolated from carious dentine, infected RC 🔺-S. mutans ——> predominant in caries process‼️‼️‼️ هسة نحچي عليها أكثر Arranged in chains 4 subspecies: S. Rattus, S.Sobrinus, S. Cricetus, S. Ferus

البكتريا حتى تسويلنا كيريز لازم عندها عدة صفات: ⭕️1) rapidly change fermentable sugars to acid. بسرعة تحول السكريات الى أحماض ⭕️2) maintain sugar metabolism under extreme environmental conditions (low pH‼️) قليل اكو يتحملون الحموضة العالية بس عندنا مثال Mutans streptococci Lactobacilli يحبون الlow pH و grow + metabolize بهذه الأجواء لذلك همه acidogenic + aciduric ⭕️3) production extracellular + intracellular polysaccharides (EPS + IPS) EPS = glucans + fructans ——> biofilm matrix IPS = glycogen-like storage مثل الاحتياط يستعملوه لمن ماكو free sugar موجود لذلك الIPS من يكون بلbiofilm يطول المدة الي ممكن تستمر البكتريا بتكوين acids formic acid, acetic acid

Microorganisms have a variety of systems for the conversion of cellular end products which vary according to:
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Cariogenic potential of bacteria 🦠 -most bac. grow in narrow pH range -some oral bac. are ACIDURIC يعني يحبون الlow pH و يحبون لمن سطح السن يكون acidic -sugar = main energy source لكن اكو يستعملون carboxylic acids, amino acids

Fluoridated milk 🥛 حليب البقر و البشر نسبته قليلة 0.03ppmF 🔹Promotes remineralization of enamel lesions in vivo and in vitro. 🔹Inhibits demineralization in enamel and dentine. MECHANISM OF MILK ANTI-CARIES EFFECT; 1) topical effect, cariostatic effect liquid phase at plaque/enamel interface during de- + re- mineralization processes 2) fluoride bioavailability in milk appears less important than amount of fluoride that can be incorporated into plaque whenever fluoridated milk consumed مادري شنو يعني بس ما عليناااا🙂‍↔️ ❌Disadvantages ❌ 1) milk consumption varies with socioeconomic group 2)consumptions decreases with age (less long term benefit than water) 3) high level technical expertise required ⭕️ليش يحتاج تركيز فلورايد عالي بالحليب؟ 1) اطفال م يشربون الحليب ٢٤ ساعة 2) الكالسيوم يتفاعل وي الفلورايد فه يقل ال availability for topical benefits

Fluoridated salt 🧂 250 ppm يعني 250 mg F/kg salt 0.25 mg/gm salt ⭕️اذا شخص استعمل 4grams ملح باليوم يحصل 1mg F ✅Advantages ✅ 1) wide coverage 2) little action required by individual 3) low cost 4) freedom (fluoridated + non-fluoridated salt available) محد غاصبه على شي بكيفه يختار 5) minimum fluorosis risk ❌Disadvantages ❌ 1) community education and promotion required 2) international efforts to reduce sodium intake ~ hypertension دويلاً دايحاولون يقللون استعمال الملح بسبب ضغط القلب 3) consumption of F salt is low during early life when F need is high الجهال الصغار قليل يستعملون الملح لكن همه أكثر ناس محتاجين فلورايد