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BIOLOGY OBJ 01-10: CCCBBBADAC 11-20: ACCBBDAADC 21-30: DCADDABDDA 31-40: ACCAACACCD 41-50: BBCAADCBBB COMPLETED

*BIOLOGY ANSWERS* (5ai) (PICK ANY ONE) Competition is the process by which living organisms in a habitat struggle or compete with one another for limited essential needs such as food, light, nutrients, shelter or space in the environment. OR Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both the organisms or species are harmed. It arises when individuals or populations vie for the same resource (such as food, water, space, shelter, mate, ecological status, etc.) that is in limited supply. (5aii) (i) Intraspecific competition (ii) Interspecific competition (5aiii) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Food (ii) Water (iii) Shelter (iv) Space (v) Sunlight (vi) Nutrients (5aiv) (PICK ANY ONE) During succession, early pioneer species colonize an area with little competition due to harsh conditions. As the ecosystem matures, resources increase, leading to heightened competition among species. This competition drives the succession process, as more competitive species outcompete and replace earlier ones, resulting in a progressively more diverse and stable ecosystem over time. OR Competition and succession are linked in ecosystems. Early in succession, pioneer species face little competition. As ecosystems develop, resources increase, and competition among species intensifies. This drives succession, with more competitive species replacing earlier ones, leading to a stable and mature ecosystem. (5bi) (PICK ANY ONE) Structural adaptation refers to physical features of an organism that enhance its ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment. These adaptations involve the organism's body structure, such as shape, size, and special body parts, that help it to survive in its habitat. OR Structural adaptations refer to the changes in the structure of a living organism that enables it to adapt better to its environment. These adaptation consist of special body parts, such as skin, color, and shape. (5bii) (i) Camouflage (ii) Mimicry (iii) Body Coverings and parts (iv) Specialized limbs and appendages (5c) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Fingerprints (ii) Facial Recognition (iii) DNA Profiling (iv) Retinal Scans (v) Voice Recognition (5d) (PICK ANY THREE) Adaptive coloration | Example (i) Camouflage  | Chameleon (ii) Disruptive Coloration | Zebra (iii) Warning Coloration | Poison dart frog (iv) Mimicry | Viceroy Butterfly (v) Countershading | Great White Shark (5e) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Rubber Tree (ii) Pitcher Plants (iii) Giant Water Lilies (iv) Banana Trees (v) Orchids (vi) Bromeliads (vii) Ferns

*NOTE: BOTH IMAGE AND TYPED ONE IS CORRECT... CHOOSE EITHER IMAGE OR TYPED ONE* *SECOND VERSION* *BIOLOGY ANSWERS* (1ai) Glomerulus: (PICK ANY ONE) (i) It filters blood to form glomerular filtrate. (ii) It removes waste products and excess substances from the bloodstream. (iii) It initiates the urine formation process by allowing water and small molecules to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins. (1aii) Bowman's capsule: (PICK ANY ONE) (i) It collects the filtrate produced by the glomerulus. (ii) It forms primary urine by capturing the filtrate and directing it into the nephron. (iii) It serves as a funnel, guiding the filtrate into the proximal convoluted tubule for further processing. (1aiii) Proximal convoluted tubule: (PICK ANY ONE) (i) It reabsorbs water, ions, and nutrients from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. (ii) It plays a crucial role in secreting waste products such as hydrogen ions and ammonia into the tubular fluid. (iii) It maintains pH balance by selectively reabsorbing bicarbonate ions and secreting hydrogen ions. (1aiv) Distal convoluted tubule: (PICK ANY ONE) (i) It reabsorbs sodium and water, thus playing a key role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. (ii) It secretes potassium and hydrogen ions, which helps in maintaining electrolyte and acid-base balance. (iii) It also regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood, contributing to bone health and metabolic functions. (1b) |ORGANISM | Structure.. |..Form in which| |Paramecium|Contractile vacuole|Liquid (water) |Flatworm |Flame cells| Ammonia| |Earthworm|Nephridia | Urea| |Cockroach|Malpighian tubules|Uric acid| |Human    | Kidneys| Liquid(urine)| |Plant    | Stomatal pore| Gaseous (water vapor, oxygen, carbon dioxide (1c) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Oxygen (ii) Carbon dioxide (iii) Water vapor (iv) Resins (v) gums (vi) Latex (vii) Tannins (viii) Essential oils

*Biology* Section A Question 2 (c) Explain briefly how genes are involved in the process of evolution: Genes are involved in evolution through the processes of mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. Mutations introduce new genetic variations, which may provide some individuals with advantageous traits. Natural selection acts on these variations, favoring individuals that are better adapted to their environment, thereby increasing their chances of survival and reproduction. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population, leading to evolutionary changes. Genetic drift, a random process, can also affect gene frequencies in a population, especially in small populations, contributing to evolution. Section B Question 5 (a) (i) What is competition? Competition is the interaction between organisms or species that vie for the same resources in an ecosystem, such as food, water, light, space, or mates. It occurs when the demand for these resources exceeds their availability, leading to a struggle for survival and reproduction. (ii) List two types of competition: 1. Intraspecific competition: Competition between individuals of the same species. 2. Interspecific competition: Competition between individuals of different species. (iii) List four factors that organisms compete for in a habitat: 1. Food 2. Water 3. Shelter/space 4. Mates (iv) Explain briefly the relationship between competition and succession: Competition and succession are interconnected processes in ecosystems. During succession, different species colonize and establish in a habitat over time. Early successional species, often fast-growing and tolerant of harsh conditions, initially dominate. As succession progresses, competition among species for resources like light, nutrients, and space intensifies. This competition can lead to the displacement of some species and the establishment of others, driving the successional changes that eventually lead to a stable climax community. (b) (i) What is structural adaptation? Structural adaptation refers to physical features or characteristics of an organism's body that enhance its ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. These adaptations can include body shape, coloration, specialized organs, or anatomical structures that improve the organism's chances of obtaining food, avoiding predators, or reproducing. (ii) State four types of structural adaptations in animals: 1. Camouflage: An animal's coloration or pattern that allows it to blend in with its surroundings to avoid predators (e.g., a chameleon's color-changing skin). 2. Mimicry: When an animal evolves to resemble another species for protection or other advantages (e.g., a viceroy butterfly mimicking a monarch butterfly). 3. Specialized limbs: Adaptations of limbs for specific functions (e.g., webbed feet in ducks for swimming, wings in birds for flying). 4. Body armor: Physical structures like shells, spines, or scales that provide protection (e.g., a turtle's shell, a porcupine's quills).

(1a) (i) Glomerulus: The glomerulus filters blood to form a filtrate, which includes water, ions, and small molecules like glucose and amino acids, while retaining larger molecules such as proteins and cells. (ii) Bowman's Capsule: The Bowman's capsule collects the filtrate produced by the glomerulus and funnels it into the proximal convoluted tubule. (iii) Proximal convoluted tubule: The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, and ions (e.g., sodium and chloride) from the filtrate back into the blood. (iv) Distal convoluted tubule: The distal convoluted tubule fine-tunes the reabsorption of ions and water, and it secretes additional waste products into the filtrate, helping to regulate electrolyte balance and pH. (1b) TABULATE =ORGANISM= (i) Flatworms (ii) Earthworm (iii) Cockroach (iv) Human (v) Plant =STRUCTURE FOR EXCRETION= (i) Flame cells (ii) Nephridia (iii) Malpighian tubules (iv) Kidneys (v) Stomatal pore =FORM IN WHICH WASTE IS EXCRETED BY ORGANISM= (i) Ammonia (ii) Urea (iii) Uric acid (iv) Liquid (urine) (v) Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor (1c) (i) Oxygen (ii) Carbon dioxide (iii) Water vapor (iv) Resins (v) Gums

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Question 1c (c) List five excretory products of plants: 1. Oxygen (O₂) 2. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) 3. Water (H₂O) 4. Resins 5. Tannins Question 2 (a) State one role each played by the following organs involved in the activity above: (i) Mouth: The mouth is involved in the mechanical breakdown of food through chewing and the chemical breakdown of starches by saliva. (ii) Skin: The skin regulates body temperature through sweating, which can occur more profusely after consuming a hot meal. (iii) Tongue: The tongue helps in manipulating and mixing food with saliva during chewing and aids in swallowing. (iv) Kidney: The kidney filters blood to remove waste products and helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, especially when no water is consumed after a salty meal. (v) Stomach: The stomach mixes and churns the food with digestive juices, initiating the digestion of proteins. (vi) Small intestine: The small intestine is the primary site for digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food. (vii) Large intestine: The large intestine absorbs water and salts from the remaining indigestible food matter and compacts it into feces. (viii) Liver: The liver produces bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats, and processes nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. (b) Name three of the organs listed in 2(a) that contain enzymes needed to break down the food: 1. Mouth (saliva contains amylase) 2. Stomach (gastric juices contain pepsin) 3. Small intestine (intestinal juices and enzymes from the pancreas such as trypsin, amylase, and lipase)

*2024 WAEC BIOLOGY ANSWERS* *NUMBER TWO* (2a) (i) Mouth: The mouth's role is in the mechanical breakdown of food through chewing and the beginning of chemical digestion through the action of enzymes like amylase in saliva. (ii) Skin: The skin's role is in regulating body temperature by sweating to cool down the body when it's overheated, as in this case. (iii) Tongue: The tongue helps with the manipulation of food during chewing and swallowing. (iv) Kidney: The kidney's role is in filtering waste products from the blood and regulating fluid balance, which may be affected by the meal's salt content. (v) Stomach: The stomach's role is in further mechanical and chemical digestion of food, particularly through the action of gastric juices containing enzymes like pepsin. (vi) Small intestine: The small intestine's role is in the absorption of nutrients from digested food. (vii) Large intestine: The large intestine's role is in the absorption of water and electrolytes from undigested food and the formation of feces. (viii) Liver: The liver's role includes producing bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. (2b) (i) the mouth (ii) stomach (iii) small intestine (2c) (i) amylase (in saliva and pancreatic juices) (ii) pepsin (in gastric juices (iii) lipase (in pancreatic juices). (2d) (i) glucose (from the breakdown of cassava starch by amylase) (ii) fatty acids (from the breakdown of fats in groundnut soup by lipase). (2e) (i) Excess salt in the meal might lead to dehydration or exacerbate conditions like high blood pressure. (ii) Three advantages the individual would derive from the meal could include energy from carbohydrates in cassava, protein from groundnuts, and various vitamins and minerals from both components of the meal.