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NABTEB 2024 BASIC ELECTRICITY ANSWERS ANSWER FIVE QUESTIONS ONLY (1a) The purpose of colouring carbon resistors is to indicate their resistance value through a colour code system. (1b) (i) Brown Yellow Red and Gold Brown = 1, Yellow = 4, Red = Multiplier (10²), Gold = ±5% Resistance value = 14 x 10² = 1400Ω Maximum value = 1400 x 1.05 = 1470Ω Minimum value: 1400 x 0.95 = 1330Ω (ii) Red Black Green and Silver Red = 2, Black = 0, Green = Multiplier (10⁵), Silver = ±10% Resistance value = 20 x 10⁵ = 2,000,000Ω = 2 MΩ Maximum value = 2,000,000 x 1.10 = 2,200,000Ω Minimum value = 2,000,000 x 0.90 = 1,800,000Ω (iii) Orange Brown Blue and Gold Orange = 3, Brown = 1, Blue = Multiplier (10⁶), Gold = ±5% Resistance value = 31 x 10⁶ = 31,000,000Ω = 31 MΩ Maximum value = 31,000,000 x 1.05 = 32,550,000Ω Minimum value = 31,000,000 x 0.95 = 29,450,000Ω (iv) Blue Black Black and Silver Blue = 6, Black = 0, Black = Multiplier (10⁰), Silver = ±10% Resistance value = 60 x 10⁰ = 60Ω Maximum value = 60 x 1.10 = 66Ω Minimum value = 60 x 0.90 = 54Ω (v) Brown Blue Red and Gold Brown = 1, Blue = 6, Red = Multiplier (10²), Gold = ±5% Resistance value = 16 x 10² = 1600Ω Maximum value = 1600 x 1.05 = 1680Ω Minimum value = 1600 x 0.95 = 1520Ω =========================== (2a) (i) Electromotive force (EMF): Electromotive force, denoted as EMF represents the electrical energy per unit charge that a source of electrical energy can provide. It is measured in volts (V). (ii) Potential difference: Potential difference is the difference in electric potential between two points in an electric circuit, representing the work done per unit charge in moving a charge between those two points. It is measured in volts (V). (iii) Current: Current is the flow of electric charge through a conducting medium, measured as the rate of flow of charge through a given cross-sectional area. It is measured in amperes (A). (2b) Given: Voltage (V) = 240V Current (I) = 2.4A Total Resistance (RT) = V/I RT = 240/2.4 RT = 100Ω Total Resistance (RT): = Sum of parallel resistance (RP) + Sum of series resistance (RS) RP = RT - RS RS = 70Ω RP = 100 - 70 RP = 30Ω 1/RP = 1/90 + 1/B 1/30 = 1/90 + 1/B 1/B = 1/30 - 1/90 1/B = (3 -1)/90 1/B = 2/90 B = 90/2 B = 45Ω =========================== (3a) (i) Voltage reaches its maximum level (ii) Charging current drops to minimum (iii) Battery temperature stabilizes (3b) Given: Number of identical cells = 9 Electromotive force (EMF) = 2v Internal resistance = 0.1Ω Resistance Load = 7.5Ω (i) All In Series: Total EMF = 9 x 2 = 18v Total internal resistance = 9 x 0.1 = 0.9Ω Total resistance = 0.9 + 7.5 = 8.4Ω Current = 18/8.4 = 2.14A Potential difference across the load: = 2.14 x 7.5 = 16.05Ω (ii) All Cells in Parallel: Total EMF = 2v Total internal resistance = 0.1/9 = 0.0111Ω Total resistance = 0.0111 + 7.5 = 7.5111Ω Current = 2/7.5111 = 0.266A Potential difference across the load: = 0.266 x 7.5 = 1.995Ω (iii) 3 Cells in Series and 3 Sets in Parallel: Total EMF in series: = 3 x 2 = 6v Total internal resistance in series: = 3 x 0.1 = 0.3Ω Total EMF in parallel = 6v Total internal resistance in parallel: = 0.3/3 = 0.1Ω Total resistance = 0.1 + 7.5 = 7.6Ω Current = 6/7.6 = 0.789A Potential difference across the load: = 0.789 x 7.5 = 5.92Ω =========================== (5a) (i) Inductive reactance is the opposition that an inductor offers to the flow of alternating current. Its unit of measurement is the ohm (Ω). (ii) Capacitive reactance is the opposition that a capacitor offers to the flow of alternating current. Its unit of measurement is the ohm (Ω). (iii) Impedance is the total opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of alternating current. It is a combination of resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive reactance, measured in ohms (Ω). (5b) Given: Voltage (V) = 100 V Frequency (f) = 50 Hz Resistor (R) = 10 Ω Inductance (L) = 50 mH = 0.05 H Capacitance (C) = 350 μF = 350 × 10⁻⁶F

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2a

2024 NECO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY (6ai) River Capture: Also called river piracy or river beheading, refers to two parallel consequent rivers with tributaries separated by a more powerful river and with presence of wind gap. E.g River Ogunpa in Ibadan, Nigeria. (6aii) River Rejuvenation: A river is said to be rejuvenated when it is given a new lease of of life or being young again i.e. an extra power of erosion. This happens when the base level of the river falls, either because the land is uplifted or because the level of the sea falls. (6b) (i) Solution: Some rock materials dissolve in water and are carried in solution from the upper to lower course of the river. (ii) Suspension: Here, the lighter particles of solid materials are carried in suspension as the water flows. (iii) Saltation: In this process, larger particles are moved in series of hops or jumps along the stream bed.

NECO GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS 👇 NUMBER. 3 : Igneous Rocks : *(i) Mode of Formation :* Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma (molten rock) from volcanic activity or plutonic activity (underground molten rock). In volcanic activity, Lavas from volcanoes cool and solidify on the surface, forming extrusive igneous rocks (e.g., basalt, andesite). In plutonic activity, Magma cools and solidifies beneath the surface, forming intrusive igneous rocks (e.g., granite, gabbro). *(ii) Characteristics :* *Texture :* Extrusive rocks are fine-grained, glassy, or porphyritic. Intrusive rocks are coarse-grained and phaneritic. *Composition :* -- Felsic (rich in silica) : Granite, rhyolite. -- Mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) : Basalt, gabbro. -- Intermediate : Andesite, diorite. *Mineral content :* Feldspars, quartz, micas, amphiboles, and pyroxenes are common minerals in igneous rocks. *Colour :* Varied, depending on mineral content and oxidation (e.g., black, gray, pink, white). *(3b)* *(PICK ANY FOUR)* *(i) Construction*: Some are used as building materials for walls, floors, and countertops e.g: granite, basalt, and andesite *(iii) Aggregates*: Crushed igneous rocks are used as aggregates in concrete, asphalt, and road construction. *(iii) Dimension Stone*: Some are used as dimension stones for architectural purposes, e.g. granite and gabbro. *(iv) Pavers and Tiles*: Some are used to make pavers and tiles for flooring and landscaping, e.g : basalt and andesite. *(v) Abrasives*: Some are used as abrasives for grinding and polishing metals, stones, and other materials, e g. basalt and gabbro, *(vi) Gemstones*: Igneous rocks are the source of many gemstones, such as quartz, feldspar, and amphibole minerals like amethyst and citrine. *(vii)Radiation Shielding*: Dense igneous rocks like granite and gabbro are used for radiation shielding in medical and industrial applications. *(viii) Decorative Landscaping*: Some are used for decorative landscaping features like sculptures, water features, and garden ornaments, e g. granite and basalt.

2024 NECO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY (7a) Environment resources refer to any useful item in the environment, or materials and substances that are useful to man OR Environmental Resources in other words are useful things (both living and non-living) occurring naturally within a particular geographical location which are of benefit to man, animals and plants. (7b) (i) Land Resources. (ii) Mineral Resources. (iii) Human Resources. (iv) Water Resources. (7c) Renewable Resources: This are natural resources that are recoverable and that can be replenished over time. They are a sustainable way to meet our energy and material needs. (7d) (i) Rain. (ii) Animal. (iii) Plant. (iv) Water.

NECO PRACTICAL & PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY (2a) [check the diagram below] (i) Core: Innermost layer, about 3476km wide all round, consists largely of iron and nickel, divisible into inner and outer core, found in a molten state, reservoir of minerals to the other zones. (ii) Mantle: middle layer, surrounds the core, about 2897km thick, composed of very dense rocks, rocks are rich in olivine basalt. (iii) Crust: Lies above the mantle, outer layer, consists of granitic and basaltic rocks, varies in thickness from place to place , divisible into 2-sial and sima, forms soil, sustains life. (2b) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Provides a habitat for plants and animals: The surface layer of the Earth's crust provides a stable and habitable environment for a wide range of organisms. It provides the necessary conditions for life, such as sunlight, water, and nutrients. (ii) Source of minerals: The surface layer of the Earth's crust contains a variety of minerals that are essential for human activities. These minerals include metals, such as iron, copper, and gold, as well as non-metallic minerals, such as sand, gravel, and clay. (iii) Source of water: The surface layer of the Earth's crust is home to a variety of water bodies, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and aquifers. These water bodies provide essential resources for human consumption, agriculture, and industry. (iv) Supports human activities: The surface layer of the Earth's crust provides a stable foundation for human activities, such as agriculture, construction, and transportation. It also provides scenic beauty and recreational opportunities. (v) Regulates the Earth's climate: The surface layer of the Earth's crust plays a role in regulating the Earth's climate. It absorbs and reflects solar radiation, and it stores and releases heat. (vi) Protects the Earth from harmful radiation: The surface layer of the Earth's crust provides protection from harmful radiation from the sun and other sources. It absorbs and scatters this radiation, reducing its impact on the Earth's surface. *2024 NECO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY* (4a) Climate is defined as the average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time (35 years). (4bi) {CHECK DIAGRAM BELOW} Convectional Rainfall: Convectional rainfall occurs in the area intensively heated. Hot/Warm air, accompanied by a rise in relative humidity takes place. The rising air becomes saturated and water vapour condenses with cloud being formed quickly. This results im heavy rains, accompanied by thunder and lightning. It is short-lived and characterized by heavy winds, lightning and thunder. Convectional rainfall is always torrential or heavy, accompanied by lightning and thunder. (4bii) {CHECK THE DIAGRAM BELOW} Cyclonic Rainfall: Also Known as Frontal rainfall is caused by meeting of two air masses, which are different in terms of origin and characteristics. Warm, light, moisture ladden air rises above cold and dense air. Ascent of the warn air, cooling takes place and condensation occurs. Cloud formation and precipitation follow. Cyclonic rainfall is characterized by fronts and weather system in mid latitudes. (6ai) River Capture: Also called river piracy or river beheading, refers to two parallel consequent rivers with tributaries separated by a more powerful river and with presence of wind gap. E.g River Ogunpa in Ibadan, Nigeria. (6aii) River Rejuvenation: A river is said to be rejuvenated when it is given a new lease of of life or being young again i.e. an extra power of erosion. This happens when the base level of the river falls, either because the land is uplifted or because the level of the sea falls. (6b) (i) Solution: Some rock materials dissolve in water and are carried in solution from the upper to lower course of the river. (ii) Suspension: Here, the lighter particles of solid materials are carried in suspension as the water flows. (iii) Saltation: In this process, larger particles are moved in series of hops or jumps along the stream bed.

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