MBChB LEVEL I RESOURCE CENTRE

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The correct choice in this case is C. The interventricular foramina of Monroe allows for the communication of the lateral and third ventricles. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus epithelium and the ependymal cells of the ventricles. There are two lateral ventricles on each cerebral hemisphere. Each lateral ventricle has an anterior, posterior and an inferior horn. After CSF production in the lateral ventricles, CSF flows to the third ventricle through the interventricular foramina of Monroe. From the third ventricle CSF flows to the 4th ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius. Once in the 4th ventricle, CSF follows two routes; A small fraction flows through the central canal of the spinal cord to the terminal ventricle which is small dilatation at the conus medullaris. Majority of CSF flows through the right and left lateral foramina of Luschka and the median foramen of Magendie into the subarachnoid space where it forms several cisterns (CSF pools) like cisterna magna, pontine cistern etc. It then flows thought the subarachnoid space and reabsorbed at the arachnoid villi at the superior sagittal sinus back into the venous system. The commonest condition affecting the ventricular system is hydrocephalus which is the abnormal build up of fluid CSF in the ventricles. There are two types of hydrocephalus. Communicating and noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Communicating hydrocephalus occurs as a result of a defect in the reabsorption of CSF by the arachnoid villi (ventricles communicate with one another and the subarachnoid space) and is usually a complication of meningitis. Noncommunicating hydrocephalus occurs as a result of a defect within the ventricular system blocking the normal flow of CSF along one or more of the narrow passages connecting the ventricles. The commonest site of blockage is cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius (aqueductal stenosis). In adults hydrocephalus presents with features of raised intracranial pressure due to fusion of the sutures of the skull. Some of the symptoms of raised intracranial pressure include headache, blurred vision, vomiting, and altered mental status. The Cushing triad of a widening pulse pressure (rising systolic, declining diastolic) irregular respirations and bradycardia will be established. In infants, hydrocephalus will present with an enlarged head with prominent scalp veins, bulging fontanelle, irritability, lethargy, vomiting, frontal bossing, and seizures. The eyes will have a characteristic sunset phenomenon due to upward gaze paresis. Rarely do hydrocephalus result form ependymal cell tumors producing excessive CSF.

1. An elderly resident of a nursing home fell down the front steps and subsequently became disoriented and lethargic. He is brought to the emergency room where an emergency MRI reveals that he has developed hydrocephalus due to a small hemorrhage obstructing the foramina of Monro. The foramina of Monro allow for communication between which of the following?

Use it to supplement what you have. Do NOT fully depend solely on it or you'll cry in the toilet and laugh in the bathroom. 😂😂😂

To our first years😁😁, Welcome to the community where we support each other and share medical knowledge in our collective pursuit of becoming knowledgeable doctors.. I'm looking forward to an exciting year ahead. In case of any inquiries, you can reach out to me or any senior for assistance. All the best as you begin your new chapter😁😁🎊🎉🎊 Regards, K. Willis

About composite muscles: Composite muscles are muscles that have some of the fibers innervated by different nerve supplies. Take a case of adductor magnus, the adductor part is innervated by the posterior division of the obstructor nerve, while the hamstring part is innervated by the sciatic nerve. The flexor digitorum profundus is innervated by 2 nerves, the ulnar nerve and the median nerve. The medial part of FDP is innervated by ulnar nerve while the lateral part is innervated by anterior interrosseus branch of the median nerve e.t.c.

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"Nothing humbles a medical student like their first anatomy cat😂😂😂"

Hello Great Medics Congratulations for coming this far. I am looking forward to working with everyone in the coming academic year to continue with the mission of building a cohesive community of knowledgeable young doctors that support each other up the academic ladder. I have attached the link to level II resources for your reference when the time comes. You can reach out in case of any questions or clarification. All the best. ****************** Kind regards, K. Willis https://t.me/+4uJe9J2EPqo1MzY0

What are the major structural differences between dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the autonomic ganglia? A -The DRG contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons whereas the sympathetic ganglia contain the synaptic junctions between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons B - One is derived from neural crest cells and the other from neural tube C - Both have synapses D- One belongs to the CNS and the other belongs to the PNS