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🛡President's pardoning powers in India: Presidential Pardon Powers The President of India has the authority to grant pardons and reprieves in certain criminal cases as per the powers vested in the Constitution. These powers are outlined as follows: 1. Commutation: Commutation involves changing the nature of a sentence, such as converting a death penalty into life imprisonment with rigorous labor. 2. Remission: Remission involves reducing the duration of a sentence. For example, changing a two-year rigorous imprisonment term into one year. 3. Respite: Respite involves reducing a sentence due to special circumstances. This can include physical disability or pregnancy in the case of women. 4. Reprieve: Reprieve is the temporary postponement of the execution of a sentence for a specific period. For example, postponing a death penalty for a certain duration. 5. Pardon: Pardon is the complete forgiveness of an offense. It implies that the crime is considered never to have occurred. 6. Article 161 of the Constitution: Article 161 of the Indian Constitution extends the power of pardon to the Governors of states. 7. Governor's Pardon Power: Governors can also exercise the power of pardon in cases involving offenses against state laws. It is important to note that the President does not have the authority to pardon death penalties. However, the President can grant clemency, commute the sentence, reduce the period of imprisonment, or change the nature of the sentence in cases where it is deemed necessary or just.. ══━━━━✧❂✧━━━━══ join fast 🎉🎉& share👉 😊 😊 👇👇👇👇👇👇 @dreamtobejudge01 @pcsj2k21 for more Hindi & English PDFs related to LAW/ ADPO/Judiciary.  Exams.👩‍⚖️📚 😇😇😇😇😇😇😇

Important cases of Indian penal code 1860 ══━━━━✧❂✧━━━━══ MensRea 1) Sherras v. De Rutzen 1.1 hobbs v/s winchester 2) Rex v. Jacobs 3) R. v. Tolson 4) R v prince 5) Brend v. Wood - unless the statute, either clearly or by necessary implication, rules out mens rea, as a constituent part of a crime, a defendant should not be found guilty of an offence against the criminal law unless he has got a guilty mind.’ 6) State v. Sheo Prasad 7) State of Maharashtra v. Mayer Hans George General  Defences 8 State of Orissa v. Ram Bahadur Thapa- S 76/79 9) State of Orissa v. Bhagaban Barik-- S 76/79 10) Tunda v. Rex (wrestling match) s 80 11) R v. Dudley and Stephens- Necessity S. 81 S-84 Insanity 12) R v Daniel Mcnaughten 13) Queen-Empress v. Kader Nasyer Shah 14) Lakshmi v. State 15) Ashiruddin Ahmad v. The King S-86 ( Drunkness) 16) Shrikant Anandrao Bhosale v. State of Maharashtra 17) Basdev v. State of PEPSU 18) Rex v. Meakin 19) Rex v. Meade 20) Director of Public Prosecutions v. Beard 96-106 21) State of U.P. v. Ram Swarup - There is no private defence against private defence. 22) Wassan Singh v. State of Punjab  23) Butta Singh v. The State of Punjab 24) Deo Narain v. State of U.P 25) James Martin v. State of Kerala JointLiability (34/149) 26) R v cruise- section 34 is based upon facts and decision of  case. 27) Barendra Kumar Ghosh v. King-Emperor (shankaritola case) 28) King v. PIummer 29) Queen v. Sabid Ali – prosecution of common object clarified 30) Mahbub Shah v. Emperor (Indus Valley Case)- similar intention v common int. 31) Mizaji v. State of U.P-  act connected with c.o 32) Rishideo V state of UP- common  intention may develop on the spot 33) JM Desai v State- presence isn’t always required for CI Abetement- 34) Queen V Mohit pandey:  abatement by conspiracy to commit suicide Conspiracy-  s 120 A 35) Mulcahy V R 36) State v. Nalini & Ors. – Chain conspiracy Sedition-  S 124 IPC 37) Queen v Jogender Chandra Bose 38) Queen V Balgangadhar Tilak 39) Kedar Nath V state of Bihar : Constitutional Validity 40) Tara Singh v state of Punjab- Constitutional Validity 41) R V govinda: difference b/w 299 &300 42) Queen Empress v. Khandu: 43) Baker v. Snell: 44) The Queen v. Latimer: 45) Anda v. State : 46) Palani Goundan v. Emperor-  s 299/300 47) Emperor v. Mushnooru Suryanarayana Murthy : 301, transfer of malice 48) Rawalpenta Venkalu v. State of Hyderabad : 300 (1) 49) . Virsa Singh v. State of Punjab-300 (3) 50) State of Andhra Pradesh v. R. Punnayya- S. 299(b)/S.300(3) 51) Dhupa Chamar v. State of Bihar 52) Supadi Lukada v. Emperor- S 300 (4) 53) Emperor v. Mt. Dhirajia - S 300 (4) 54) Gyarsibai v. The State - - S 300 (4) 55) K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra – S 300 exception 1 56) R. v.Duffy– S 300 exception 1 57) Ghapoo Yadav v. State of M.P- Exception IV to section 300 58) Cherubin Gregory v. State of Bihar : 304 A 59) Shanti(Smt.) v. State of Haryana – S 304 B Kidnapping 60) S. Varadarajan v. State of Madras:  Kidnapping 61) Thakorlal D. Vadgama v. State of Gujarat: Kidnapping 62) Sakshi v. Union of India : S 376 63) Priya Patel v. State of Madhya Pradesh : S 376 theft 64) Pyare Lal Bhargava v. State of Rajasthan- S 379 65) KN Mehra V state of Raj- S 379 66) R v Thomson – S 379 Attempt 67) Empress v. Riasat Ali 68) Rex v. White 69) R. v. McPherson 70) R. v. Brown 71) Asgarali Pradhania v. Emperor 72) Abhayanand Mishra v. State of Bihar 73) State of Maharashtra v. Mohd. Yakub 74) P. Rathinam v. Union of India- Attempt to suicide(309) 75) Maruti Shripati Dubal v. State of Maharashtra- Attempt to suicide (309) 76) Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab- Attempt to suicide (309) Defamation 77) Defamation : Subramaniam Swamy v UOI N.Nagendra Rao & co. State of A.P the supreme court stated that " In modern sense the distinction between sovereign and non - sovereign power this does not exist " ══━━━━✧❂✧━━━━══ join fast 🎉🎉& share👉 😊 😊 👇👇👇👇👇👇 @dreamtobejudge01 @pcsj2k21 for more Hindi & English PDFs related to LAW/ ADPO/Judiciary.  Exams.👩‍⚖️📚 😇😇😇😇😇😇😇

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