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🔷  आधुनिक भारत का इतिहास प्रश्न  🔷 •┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈• 1 भगत सिंह को फांसी की सजा सुनाने वाला न्यायाधीश कौन था। →→→ जी.सी. हिल्टन 2. महात्मा गांधी के राजनीतिक गुरु कौन थे। →→→ गोपाल कृष्ण गोखले 3. किस एक्ट को बिना अपील, बिना वकील तथा बिला दलील का कानून कहा गया। →→→ रौलेट एक्ट 4. डंडा फौज का गठन किसने किया था। →→→ चमनदीव (पंजाब) 5. निरंकारी आंदोलन की शुरूआत किसने की थी। →→→ दयालदास 6. सबसे कम उम्र में फांसी की सजा पाने वाला क्रांतीकारी कौन था। →→→ खुदीराम बोस 7. जलियावाला बाग हत्याकांड के विरोध में कैसर-ए-हिंद की उपाधी लेने से किसने मना कर दिया। →→→ महात्मा गांधी 8. गदर पार्टी की स्थापना किसने की थी। →→→ लाला हरदयाल, काशीराम 9. फॉरवर्ड ब्लॉक संस्था के संस्थापक कौन थे। →→→ सुभाष चंद्र बोस 10. कांग्रेस का विभाजन कब व किन दलों में विभक्त हुई। →→→ 1907 नरम दल व गरम दल (सूरत अधिवेशन) 11. कांग्रेस के प्रथम मुस्लिम अध्यक्ष कौन थे। →→→ बदरुद्दीन तैयबजी 12. मराठा साम्राज्य के संस्थापक कौन थे। →→→ शिवाजी 13. शिवाजी द्वारा लगाए गए दो कर कौन से थे। →→→ चौथ, सरदेशमुखी 14. लम्पट मूर्ख किसे कहा जाता था। →→→ जहांदार शाह को 15. रंगीला बादशाह किसे कहा जाता था। →→→ मुहम्मदशाह को 16. ईरान का नेपोलियन किसे कहा गया। →→→ नादिरशाह को 17. मुगल दरबार में आने वाला प्रथम अंग्रेज कौन था। →→→ कैप्टन हॉकिन्स 18. गुरुमुखी लिपी का आरंभ किसने किया। →→→ गुरु अंगद ने 19. खालसा पंथ की स्थापना किसने की। →→→ गुरु गोविन्द सिंह ने 20. फोर्ट विलियम कॉलेज की स्थापना किसने की। →→→ लार्ड वेलेजली ने 21. भारत में पहली बार सार्वजनिक निर्माण विभाग की स्थापना किसने की। →→→ लार्ड डलहौजी ने 22. अजमेर में मेयो कॉलेज की स्थापना किसने की। →→→ लॉर्ड मेयो 23. भारत के उद्धारक की संज्ञा किसे दी गई। →→→ लॉर्ड रिपन 34. शिमला समझौता कब हुआ। →→→ 1945 ई. 25. स्वतंत्र भारत के प्रथम गवर्नर जनरल कौन था। →→→ लॉर्ड माउंटबेटन 26. तात्या टोपे का वास्तविक नाम क्या था। →→→ रामचन्द्र पांडुरंग 27. इंग्लैंड में भारतीय सुधार समिति की स्थापना किसने की। →→→ दादा भाई नौरोजी 28. जलियांवाला बाग हत्याकांड में जनरल डायर का सहयोग करने वाले भारतीय का नाम बताओ। →→→ हंसराज 29. मेवाड़ में भील आंदोलन का नेतृत्व किसने किया। →→→ मोतीलाल तेजावत 30. साइमन कमीशन को और किस नाम से जाना जाता है। →→→ वाइट मैन कमीशन 31. प्रथम गोलमेज सम्मेलन कब हुआ। →→→ 17 नवम्बर 1930 ई. ●▬▬▬▬▬⚜۩۞۩⚜▬▬▬▬●

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📰 Why the Supreme Court upheld the repealing of Article 370 despite invalidating a part of CO 272❓ ✅COP 272 Invalid Constitution (Application to Jammu & Kashmir) Order, 2019, also known as the CO 272 order, was ultra vires insofar as it modified Article 370(3) through an amendment made to Article 367. ✅CO 273 Valid CO 273 which declared that Article 370 would cease to be operative was also held valid. The court reasoned that the President had the power to unilaterally issue a notification under Article 370(3) declaring that Article 370 shall cease to exist and that the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly did not affect the scope of power held by the President under Article 370(3) REASONS FOR COP 272 DECLARED ULTRA VIRES 👨‍⚖️1. Using an interpretation clause for amending provisions of the Constitution, instead of taking the route of Article 368 for the same, would make many provisions of the Constitution susceptible to amendments which evade procedure. 👩‍⚖️ 2. While various modifications were made earlier through Article 367, they were all in the nature of clarifications and did not amount to a modification of Article 370 itself either in terms or in effect, to a significant or appreciable extent. 👨‍⚖️3. These changes were significant as they modified the essential character of the proviso by substituting a particular body with another type of body entirely. (Constituent assembly to legislative assembly) 🤔Now Again the Question arises how court upheld the abrogation of 370❓ The court found that the President seeking the concurrence of the Union Government instead of the Government of the State to issue CO 272 was not invalid. Further, it held that the collaboration or concurrence of the State Government was not necessary to be obtained to apply all the provisions of the Constitution to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. ✓Reasons– ☑️ The effect of applying all provisions of the Constitution to J&K under Article 370(1)(d) was essentially the same as issuing a notification under Article 370(3) that Article 370 shall cease to exist. Thus, the concurrence of the State Government was not required in the first place. 😯☑️ The purpose of the requirements of consultation and collaboration is for the smooth functioning of governance in the State and to ensure that the provisions of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir are not inconsistent with the provisions of the Constitution of India. The exercise of power is mala fide only if there is an intent to deceive. Since the concurrence of the State Government was not required for the exercise of power under Article 370(1)(d), the President securing the concurrence of the Union of India was not mala fide. ✅Why COP 273 is Valid❓ ☑️Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly does not affect the scope of power held by the President under Article 370(3). In the judgement, the court further stated that the President could determine if the "special circumstances" which warranted for the existence of Article 370 had ceased to exist. ☑️The court observed that over the last 70 years, the numerous Constitutional orders issued by the President under Article 370(1)(d), applying various provisions of the Constitution with modifications, indicated a collaborative constitutional integration of J&K with the Union over the years. [Not a One day process] 🤝Conclusion for COP273 - If the contention of the petitioners on the interpretation of Article 370 vis-à-vis the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly is accepted then Article 370(3) would become redundant and would lose its temporary character.". ══━━━━✧❂✧━━━━══ join fast 🎉🎉& share👉 😊 😊 👇👇👇👇👇👇 @dreamtobejudge01 @pcsj2k21 for more Hindi & English PDFs related to LAW/ ADPO/Judiciary.  Exams.👩‍⚖️📚 😇😇😇😇😇😇😇

📞📱TELECOMMUNICATIONS BILL President Droupadi Murmu recommended its introduction under Article 117(1) of the Constitution of India yesterday. This bill - tabled by IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw - aims to usher in comprehensive regulations for the telecommunications sector. However, concerns have been raised over what is being perceived as an attempt to categorise it as a money bill. Article 117 of the Constitution contains a special provision for finance bills, which includes money bills. While all money bills are finance bills, all finance bills are not money bills. The prerequisite for a finance bill to become a money bill are that it must be introduced in the Lok Sabha on the president's recommendation. The role of the Rajya Sabha in a money bill's passage is also limited. While they are sent to the parliament's upper house for its recommendations, it cannot reject or amend a money bill. The introduction of the Telecommunications Bill has, therefore, triggered opposition, with lawmakers crying foul over an attempt to evade scrutiny in the Rajya Sabha and calling for its consideration as a regular bill. Ritesh Pandey of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) voiced his concerns during today's session, arguing against the bill's introduction under Article 117(1) of the Constitution. Pandey contended that categorising it as a money bill could undermine its examination in the Rajya Sabha, stressing the need for a more thorough evaluation of the legislation by a parliamentary committee. The proposed legislation seeks to replace the outdated Indian Telegraph Act of 1885, the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act of 1933, and the Telegraph Wires (Unlawful Possession) Act of 1950. Additionally, it introduces amendments to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Act, 1997. Key provisions of the bill include the requirement of prior authorisation from the central government for various telecommunication activities, such as providing services, establishing networks, or possessing radio equipment. Existing licenses will remain valid, and spectrum assignment will be conducted through auction, with specific exceptions for certain purposes like national security and public broadcasting services. The bill grants the government powers of interception and search, allowing the interception, monitoring, or blocking of messages in the interest of public safety, emergencies, or specified grounds such as the security of the state. It also provides for the suspension of telecom services and the temporary possession of telecom infrastructure during public emergencies. Pointing to potential privacy infringements, Pandey opposed the bill's introduction also on the ground that it violated the Supreme Court's landmark ruling in KS Puttaswamy (2017), in which the right to privacy was recognised as a facet of the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution. Types of Voting in Parliament? Can you tell? ══━━━━✧❂✧━━━━══ join fast 🎉🎉& share👉 😊 😊 👇👇👇👇👇👇 @dreamtobejudge01 @pcsj2k21 for more Hindi & English PDFs related to LAW/ ADPO/Judiciary.  Exams.👩‍⚖️📚 😇😇😇😇😇😇😇

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DJS 2023 Admit Cards Out Link: https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/uploads/public_notice/67480503565783ac2df33d.pdf

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DJS 2023 Admit Cards Out Link: https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/uploads/public_notice/67480503565783ac2df33d.pdf

🚨 _*#HomeMinistry introduced 3 new criminal law reform bills - ‘The Bharatiya Nyaya (2nd) Sanhita, 2023’, ‘The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (2nd) Sanhita, 2023’, & ‘The Bharatiya Sakshya (2nd) Bill, 2023’ - after incorporating suggestions of the parliamentary committee.*_ 💫