NEET Biology Notes Quiz Tricks

Key Points on Iron deficiency anemia ➖ Koilonychia is a condition where the nails become thin and concave, with raised ridges, leading to a spoon-like appearance. ➖ Link to Iron Deficiency Anemia: This condition is often found in individuals suffering from iron deficiency anemia. ➖ Iron Deficiency Anemia: Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia that happens when the body doesn't have enough iron. ➖ Iron is essential for producing hemoglobin, a protein that helps red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. ➖ Thus, deficiency leads to inadequate oxygen reach to our body's tissues. ➖ Basic Functions of Iron in the Body: Apart from red blood cell production, iron is also needed for growth, development, normal cellular functioning, and synthesis of some hormones. ➖ Cause of Iron Deficiency: This can occur due to inadequate iron intake in the diet, inadequate iron absorption from the gut, or blood loss due to menstruation or bleeding. ➖ Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia: Besides koilonychia, other symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, chest pain, frequent infections, restless legs syndrome, and inflamed or sore tongue. ➖ Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia: The main treatment for iron deficiency anemia involves iron supplements to replenish the body's iron stores and dietary changes to include more iron-rich foods. ➖ In some cases, it may involve treating the underlying cause of iron loss. ➖ Reversibility of Koilonychia: With proper treatment of iron deficiency anemia, the changes in nail shape associated with koilonychia can improve and revert back to normal. ➖ Screening & Diagnosis: Koilonychia can act as a visual diagnostic clue for clinicians, triggering further investigation for iron deficiency anemia. ➖ Prevention of iron deficiency anemia: It includes consuming iron-rich diet, which includes red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, dark green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals, and fruits. Join channel for more notes: @NEET_PG_MBBS @NEET_PG_MBBS

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🛡Sexual Reproduction♻️ ➖The sexual mode of reproduction comprises the process of combining DNA from two different individuals. ➖There are two germ-cells (responsible for producing a new organism); one is large and contains the food-stores whereas the other one is smaller and likely to be motile. ➖The motile germ-cell, normally, is known as the ‘male gamete’ and the germ-cell containing the stored food is known as the ‘female gamete.’ 🔰Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants ➖As shown in the image given below, flowers have different parts, such as sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Among these, stamens and carpels are the reproductive parts and contain the germ-cells. ➖Stamen is the male reproductive part, which produces pollen grains (yellowish substance). ➖Carpel, which is present in the center of a flower, is the female reproductive part. ➖Carpel is made of three parts. ➖The bottom part, which is swollen, is the ovary; the middle part, which is elongated, is known as the style; and the terminal part, which may be sticky, is known as the stigma. ➖The ovary contains ovules and each ovule has an egg cell. ➖The male germ-cell that produced by the pollen grain fuses with the female gamete present in the ovule. ➖The fusion of the germ-cells or fertilization produces zygote, which is capable of growing into a new plant. ➖The flower, which contains either stamens or carpels, is known as unisexual, such as papaya, watermelon, etc. ➖The flower, which contains both stamens and carpels, is known as bisexual, such as Hibiscus, mustard, etc. ✅Reproduction in Human Beings✅ Human beings have typical sexual reproduction process where mature male and female mate to produce a new baby. ✍️Male Reproductive System ➖The male reproductive system produces the germ-cells; further, other part of the reproductive system delivers the produced germ-cells to the site of fertilization. ➖The formation of sperms or germ-cells takes place in the testes. ➖The formation of sperm typically requires a lower temperature than the normal body temperature. ➖The testes secrete hormone, namely testosterone that brings changes in the appearance of boys at the time of their puberty. ➖The formed sperms are then delivered through the vas deferens, which unites with a tube coming from the urinary bladder. ➖The urethra, likewise, acts as a common passage for both the sperms and urine. ➖The sperms are fluids that consist of mainly genetic material; it has a long tail that helps to move towards the female germ-cell. ✍️Female Reproductive System ➖The female germ-cells or eggs are produced in the ovaries. ➖The egg is transported from the ovary to the womb through a thin oviduct known as fallopian tube. ➖The two oviducts unite and form an elastic bag-like structure known as the uterus, which opens into the vagina through the cervix. ➖During the sexual intercourse, most likely, the egg and the sperm (zygote) get fertilized and implanted in the lining of the uterus. ➖The thickened lining (of the uterus) and richly supplied blood nourish the growing embryo (in the uterus). ➖The embryo receives nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue known as placenta. ➖Likewise, the development of a child inside the mother’s body, takes about nine months.

✅ Hormones and their Functions 1. Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH) Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis. 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion. 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Function ~ stimulates the production of of steroids by adrenal cortex. 4. Gonadotropic hormones (i) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Function ~ stimulates gamate, production, secration of sex hormones, development of follicles. (ii) interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) or luteinising  hormone (LH) Function ~ stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone. stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female. 5. Luteotropic hormone (LTH) or prolactin Function ~ stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of Corpus luteum. 6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone Function ~ controls dispersal of melanophores , in man it is doubtful. 7. Oxytocin Function ~ stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands ; causes contraction of uterus at the time of child birth. 8. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH (vasopressin) Function ~ stimulates the nephrons for reabsorption of water. Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles, blood vessels and causes rise in blood pressure. 9. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Function ~ control metabolism , regulate body temperature by calorigenic action. 10. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) Function ~ controls calcium (Ca++) level in blood, Check osteoporosis. 11. Parathormone Function ~ maintains proper level of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal action , thus , controlling calcium and phosphate amount in bones. 12. Insulin (from β cells) Function ~ stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Influences the storage and utilization of sugar , inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis stimulates glycogenesis. 13. Glucagon (from α cell) Function ~ influences the enzymatic action of phosphorylase , controlling glycogenolysis in tha liver and muscles ; increases the amount of sugar in blood. Antagonistic to insulin, inhibits glycogenesis. 14. Somatostatin(ss) Function ~ suppresses the release of hormones from the pancrease and digestive track. 15. Pancreatic polypeptide Function ~ inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancrease. 16. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Function ~ Regulates heart beat , blood pressure , sympathetic nervous system , contraction of involuntary muscles of lung , eyes , gut etc. , Production of blood , flow of saliva and sweat under emotional state. 17. Adrenocorticoids Function ~ regulate water and electrolyte balance, regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate development of male and female secondary sexual characters. 18. Testosterone (leydig's cells) Function ~ affects the normal development and functions of secondary sexual organs and characters in male. ~ stimulate formation of sperms. 19. Estrogen (graafian follicles) Function ~ Affects development and maintenance of secondary sexual characters in female. ~ stimulate maturation of ova. 20. Progesterone (Ovary and Corpus luteum ) Function ~ stimulates uterus for pregnancy, implantation and formation of placenta, also stimulates mammary glands. 21. Relaxin ( Corpus luteum ) Function ~ relaxes ligaments of pelvic girdle at the time of birth. 22. Human chorionic gonadotropin or  HCG (placenta) Function ~ pravints disintegration of the Corpus luteum and maintains progesterone  production. 23. Serotonin Function ~ Helps in vasoconstriction of blood vessels. 24. Melatonin Function ~ Reduces quantity of FSH and LH, Acts as anti gonadotropic hormone. 25. Thymosin Function ~ regulates growth, stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and also hastens sexual maturity.

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