UPSC Psychology Optional

https://scitechdaily.com/trapped-in-a-dangerous-loop-humans-inherit-artificial-intelligence-biases/  💫 This technology is not without risks due to biases in AI results. We must consider that the data used to train AI models reflects past human decisions. If this data hides patterns of systematic errors, the AI algorithm will learn and reproduce these errors. Indeed, extensive evidence indicates that AI systems do inherit and amplify human biases

🪔 Diwali Offer 🪔 ✌️Lowest price for our Popular Unlimited Evaluation Plans                           ➕ 🎁Free Prelims 2024 Test Series                           ➕ 🎁 Free Complete GS4 PYQ Video Series by Rank Holders 🔥Features: 1) Unlimited evaluation 2) Mentorship Support 3) Freedom to pick questions from any source 4) Additional Access to our curated Question Bank 5) Full Length Tests of any institute could be submitted for evaluation 6) Access to Toppers Copies 7) Free Precision Answer Writing Course (PAWC) 👉🏻To Avail the Offer visit www.convertias.com (Offer ENDS Tonight) For any query: t.me/ConvertIAS or 9108075088 Join Our Official Telegram Channel https://t.me/Convert_IAS

🪔 Diwali Offer 🪔 🎉Lowest price for our Popular Unlimited Evaluation Plans 🔥Features: 1) Unlimited evaluation 2) Mentorship Support 3) Freedom to pick questions from any source 4) Additional Access to our curated Question Bank 5) Full Length Tests of any institute could be submitted for evaluation 6) Access to Toppers Copies 7) Free Precision Answer Writing Course (PAWC) 👇Diwali Special Deal👇 Free Complete GS4 PYQ Video Series by Rank Holders to FIRST 50 Subscribers 👉🏻To Avail the Offer visit www.convertias.com For any query: t.me/ConvertIAS or 9108075088 Join Our Official Telegram Channel https://t.me/Convert_IAS

🎁Note: FIRST 50 Subscribers won't be able to see the active Prelims subscription immediately Subscription of Prelims Test Series 2024  will be given to the FIRST 50 Subscribers by the End of the Day To avail the offer visit ConvertIAS.com

🪔 Diwali Offer is LIVE 🪔 🎉Lowest price for our Popular Unlimited Evaluation Plans 🔥Features: 1) Unlimited evaluation 2) Mentorship Support 3) Freedom to pick questions from any source 4) Additional Access to our curated Question Bank 5) Full Length Tests of any institute could be submitted for evaluation 6) Access to Toppers Copies 7) Free Precision Answer Writing Course (PAWC) 👇Diwali Special Deal👇 Free Prelims Test Series 2024 to FIRST 50 Subscribers 👉🏻To Avail the Offer visit www.convertias.com For any query: t.me/ConvertIAS or 9108075088 Join Our Official Telegram Channel https://t.me/Convert_IAS

There are reasons why so many Rankers recommend Convert IAS for Mains Answer Evaluation! 👉🏻Join Convert IAS and get the flexibility to write Questions from ANY SOURCE Unlimited GS+ESSAY+OPTIONAL Evaluation              ➕ Mentorship Support by Toppers till your Mains 👉🏻 Fee Structure GS + Essay - ₹8499/- GS +Essay+Optional - ₹12999/- 👉🏻CSE  Toppers Testimonials convertias.com/reviews 👉🏻To Subscribe visit www.convertias.com For any query  t.me/convertias or 9108075088 Join Our Official Telegram Channel https://t.me/Convert_IAS

“When someone with bipolar disorder is experiencing a period of low mood, to a physician, it can look very similar to someone with major depressive disorder. However, the two conditions need to be treated differently: if someone with bipolar disorder is prescribed antidepressants without the addition of a mood stabiliser, it can trigger a manic episode.” https://www.thequint.com/fit/simple-blood-test-can-diagnose-bipolar-disorder-what-cambridge-study-says#read-more

Q. What is ethnocentrism ? How is it reflected in psychological research? 10,2013 ETHNOCENTRISM is the tendency to judge the behaviour and values of another culture by those of one’s own. An example, North Europeans, who generally greet with a firm handshake and full eye contact, tend to describe many Asian cultures’ greetings, which involve a bowed head and no eye contact, as ‘deferential’ or as exhibiting a ‘shy’ cultural personality. This is an ethnocentric description which ignores Asian norms of greeting. Reflection in psychological research: • Hess et al. (1986) found that Japanese mothers often explained their own children’s poor performance as due to lack of effort (internal attribution – it was the children’s ‘fault’). US mothers were more likely to blame external factors, such as quality of school training. Again the reverse of the self-serving bias was found in a less individualistic society. • Stipek (1998), in a comparison of US and Chinese college students, found Chinese students preferring to express pride in others’ achievements (e.g., those of their child, a good friend or colleague) rather than the US preference for expressing pride in one’s own achievements. Here is a good example of the dangers for the inexperienced researcher. • Cultural encapsulation is the process of working with clients from a ethnocentric perspective, where one does not effectively understand the worldview and culture of origin of the client, nor integrate this knowledge into the counselling process. • Ethnocentrism very easily leads to false interpretations of behaviour. In Mozambique, an educational psychologist got children to do the ‘draw a man’ test – a projective test where the drawn man is interpreted in psychodynamic terms. The children’s very tiny drawings were interpreted by the educational psychologist as demonstrating the poor self-image of Mozambican children, 5 years after liberation, resulting from centuries of Portuguese colonialism. It was pointed out to her that Mozambican school children at that time were under strict instructions not to waste paper in times of great shortage and a weak economy! For a cross cultural psychological research: • An EMIC psychological construct is one that is peculiar to one culture, whereas an ETIC construct is thought to apply to all human behaviour or thought – a universal. Berry argues that, because researchers so often cannot shake off the influence of their own culture in their usage and understanding of relevant psychological constructs (perhaps it is impossible ever to transcend one’s original culture in this respect), they generally work with IMPOSED ETICS – they assume a construct is universal and impose it on new cultures. For instance, they might assume that self-serving bias occurs everywhere. A major goal for cross-cultural psychological researchers, according to Berry, is to change these imposed etics progressively, by becoming submerged within a new culture and working from an emic viewpoint, eventually modifying imposed etics to produce DERIVED ETICS – universal psychological dimensions that are valid cross-culturally, or at least can be used to compare several cultures. An example would be the individualism-collectivism dimension or the development of the social loafing construct into the social loafing-labouring dimension described earlier. • There is a common procedure for trying to de-Westernise a psychological scale known as BACK TRANSLATION. In this process a scale in language A is translated into language B then back again into language A. If the meaning is still as intended, then the scale is said to have translation equivalence. This procedure was followed in research by Green et al. (2005), who translated their revised measure of individualism and collectivism from English into French, Spanish, Mandarin, Russian, Portuguese, Turkish, Greek and Italian.