The Thorium Network

🚨 Brought to you by #TheThoriumNetwork Patreon | Boost | Website ⚛ #Thorium | ☢️ #Nuclear 🔗 #Blockchain | 🏭⚡ #RWA

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🚨 Brought to you by #TheThoriumNetwork Patreon | Boost | Website ⚛ #Thorium | ☢️ #Nuclear 🔗 #Blockchain | 🏭⚡ #RWA

🚨 Brought to you by #TheThoriumNetwork Patreon | Boost | Website ⚛ #Thorium | ☢️ #Nuclear\n🔗 #Blockchain | 🏭⚡ #RWA"

Garfield Sep 04, 2026 ➖ @thethoriumnetwork ➖

🚨 Brought to you by - #TheThoriumNetwork 🚨 Patreon | Boost | Website ⚛️ #Thorium | ⚡️ #Nuclear 🔗 #Blockchain | 🏭⚡️ #RWA

er Site, International Atomic Energy Agency, Institute for Science and International Security, Trinity test, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Voyager probes, Cassini, New Horizons, Curiosity rover, Perseverance rover, radioisotope thermoelectric generators, High Flux Isotope Reactor, Advanced Test Reactor ➖ @thethoriumnetwork ➖

Search: thorium nuclear energy - YouTube Why Does Every Plutonium Bomb Start With This Forgotten Element? — The History of Neptunium https://img.youtube.com/vi/k-hyAmbAAfo/0.jpg Subscribe to ⁨@VEIN.Materials ⏱️ If this documentary was worth your time, consider buying me a coffee. Every coffee goes directly toward researching, writing, and producing the next story, so I can keep making documentaries like this. Thanks for watching, and for supporting independent storytelling. https://buymeacoffee.com/VEIN.Material This video tells the full history of neptunium, the forgotten element sitting between uranium and plutonium, and why every atom of weapons-grade plutonium ever made had to pass through it first. Starting from a smoke detector on your ceiling and ending in interstellar space, the video traces neptunium's discovery in 1940 at Berkeley's Radiation Laboratory, its role as the essential middle step in producing plutonium, and its surprising second life as the raw material behind the nuclear batteries powering NASA's deep space missions. Along the way it explains why the periodic table almost missed this element entirely, how it quietly built the Cold War arsenal, and why a little-known isotope of it still worries nonproliferation experts today. What's covered in this video: How americium in ordinary smoke detectors slowly decays into neptunium, hinting at the element's hidden presence in daily life. The 1940 Berkeley cyclotron experiments by Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson that uncovered a mysterious two-point-three-day radioactive substance in irradiated uranium. The chemistry breakthrough showing element 93 didn't behave like rhenium as expected, leading to the discovery of the actinide series and the naming of neptunium after the planet Neptune. How Enrico Fermi's earlier, mistaken 1934 claim of "transuranium elements" actually reflected undiscovered nuclear fission, and won him a Nobel Prize for the wrong reason. The handoff to Glenn Seaborg, Joseph Kennedy, Arthur Wahl and Emilio Segrè, whose work through neptunium isotopes led directly to the discovery and weaponization of plutonium-239. Why the US built the massive Oak Ridge, Tennessee uranium enrichment complex instead of relying solely on chemical separation, and how the Hanford, Washington B Reactor used neptunium's two-day decay window as an industrial production yardstick. The little-known second isotope, neptunium-237, its 1992 declassification as usable in a nuclear explosive, and the 2002 Los Alamos criticality experiment that measured its critical mass. Why the international safeguards system doesn't track neptunium-237 the way it tracks plutonium and enriched uranium, and what that gap means in practice. The Savannah River Site's production of plutonium-238 from neptunium-237 for radioisotope thermoelectric generators, and how this fuel powers Voyager, Cassini, New Horizons, Curiosity and Perseverance. The 1988 production shutdown and the modern restart effort at Idaho National Laboratory and Oak Ridge to manufacture new plutonium-238 for future space missions. ▶️ Watch Next: Why Did We Choose Plutonium Over Americium for Space Probes? — The History of Plutonium • Why Did We Choose Plutonium Over Americium... Why Did We Choose Plutonium Over Uranium for the Bomb? — The History of Uranium • Why Did We Choose Plutonium Over Uranium f... Why Did We Choose Uranium Over Thorium? — The History of Thorium • Why Did We Choose Uranium Over Thorium? — ... Mentioned in this video: Neptunium, plutonium, uranium, americium, Edwin McMillan, Philip Abelson, Glenn Seaborg, Joseph Kennedy, Arthur Wahl, Emilio Segrè, Enrico Fermi, Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Lise Meitner, Otto Frisch, Egon Bretscher, Norman Feather, Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, sixty-inch cyclotron, Physical Review, Oak Ridge Tennessee, Hanford Washington, B Reactor, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory, Savannah Riv[...]

2MASS, IRAS, Super-Kamiokande, Large Hadron Collider, Chas Egan, Charles Lineweaver, Roger Penrose, Bekenstein bound, Sagittarius A*, Jason Wright, Richard Carrigan, Matías Suazo, Michael Frank, John Ross, John Baez, Leonid Martyushev, Garth Paltridge, Roderick Dewar. --- 0:00:00 Intro: You Are Warm 0:07:20 Dissipative Structures 101 0:08:40 Chaisson’s Energy Ladder 0:11:30 England’s Adaptation Hypothesis 0:14:50 Fluctuation Theorems Tested 0:20:20 E. coli Thermodynamic Bounds 0:21:40 Landauer and the Bit Cost 0:25:50 AI, Data Centers, Heat 0:30:50 Kardashev Scale Constraints 0:33:40 Dyson Spheres: Searches 0:36:50 Cosmic Entropy Accounting 0:41:20 Penrose and Low Entropy 0:45:30 Far-Future Heat Death 0:50:40 Reversible Computation Limits 0:56:00 Intelligence: Local vs Cosmic 1:10:20 Fermi Paradox Reframed 1:30:00 Energy Trap and Transitions 2:00:30 Closing: We Burn It ➖ @thethoriumnetwork ➖

Search: thorium nuclear energy - YouTube Human Intelligence Was Created to Burn the Universe | Cosmology Documentary https://img.youtube.com/vi/isZqrcL_1fE/0.jpg This documentary examines free energy rate density as a unifying metric for complexity and dissipation, grounding the story in Eric Chaisson’s cosmic evolution, Rudolf Clausius’s second law, Landauer’s Q ≥ kT ln 2, and modern searches with WISE and Gaia for Dyson spheres. It asks whether intelligence is a dissipative phase transition that drives higher energy throughput per gram, or a local curiosity with negligible impact on the universe’s entropy budget. Across two hours, the film lays out the thermodynamics that govern life and machines, quantifies energy rate density across systems from stars to CPUs, and tests “dissipative adaptation” against data and critique. It then does the cosmic accounting: Egan and Lineweaver’s entropy ledger, Penrose’s low-entropy past, and the far-future trajectory to heat death, to see whether intelligence measurably accelerates anything beyond its local niche. What’s covered in this video: The second law of thermodynamics (Rudolf Clausius) and why life’s low internal entropy requires exporting greater entropy to its surroundings. Ilya Prigogine’s dissipative structures and the insight that order can increase entropy production in driven, far-from-equilibrium systems. Eric Chaisson’s free energy rate density ladder with concrete numbers: Sun ≈ 2 erg/s/g; plants ≈ 900; animals ≈ 40,000; human brains ≈ 150,000; industrial society ≈ 500,000; microprocessors over 10^10. Jeremy England’s dissipative adaptation: the Crooks fluctuation theorem (P_F/P_R = e^{(W−ΔF)/kT}), Jarzynski equality, and Bustamante’s single-molecule RNA experiments validating the far-from-equilibrium relations. Empirical bounds on self-replication: E. coli’s heat dissipation within a factor ≈ 5–6 of the thermodynamic minimum for assembling ~1.6×10^9 peptide bonds. Landauer’s principle (Rolf Landauer), Berkeley’s nanomagnetic-bit experiment (≈4.2 zJ/flip), and why modern transistors dissipate ~10^9× the Landauer limit. The energy scale of modern computation: International Energy Agency data on data centers (415 TWh in 2024, projected 945 TWh by 2030) and the training/inference power of large AI models (e.g., GPT-4 on ~25,000 NVIDIA A100s). The maximum entropy production principle (Paltridge, Dewar, Martyushev) and its critiques (John Ross, John Baez), with a clear separation of near- vs far-from-equilibrium regimes. Kardashev scale growth, the Landsberg limit on planetary waste heat, and the trade-offs in Dyson sphere design (Jason Wright): small/hot for speed vs large/cold for efficiency. Technosignature searches: IRAS (Carrigan), WISE/Gaia/2MASS (Suazo et al. 2024) null results, and why cold, efficient systems may evade detection beyond a few hundred light-years. Reversible computing (Michael Frank), why it could decouple computation from heat in principle, and the speed/temperature trade-off that keeps real systems hot today. The cosmic entropy ledger (Chas Egan & Charles Lineweaver): supermassive black holes (~3.1×10^104 k) dominating over stars (~10^80 k), with the cosmic event horizon (~2.6×10^122 k) setting the ultimate bound. Roger Penrose’s argument about the universe’s extraordinarily low initial gravitational entropy and the arrow of time as a boundary condition. Far-future energy sources and limits: proton decay bounds (Super-Kamiokande), Hawking evaporation timescales, Bekenstein bounds on information, and the holographic principle (Susskind, ’t Hooft). Mentioned in this video: free energy rate density, second law of thermodynamics, dissipative adaptation, maximum entropy production principle, Eric Chaisson, Rudolf Clausius, Ilya Prigogine, Jeremy England, Crooks fluctuation theorem, Jarzynski equality, Landauer’s principle, International Energy Agency, GPT-4, NVIDIA A100, Dyson sphere, Kardashev scale, WISE, Gaia,[...]