UPSC CSE Mains Mock Q&A🇮🇳

Topic: Prelims Paper Approach Doubts Meet Time: Aug 22, 2021 09:00 PM India Join Zoom Meeting https://us02web.zoom.us/j/81308187921?pwd=RTJIYjRFYWNuQVFKaWJ0VlNFcHMxdz09 Meeting ID: 813 0818 7921 Passcode: prelims Seats limited to 1000. Ask doubts through chat in zoom meet.

Topic: Prelims Paper Approach Doubts Meet Time: Aug 22, 2021 09:00 PM India Join Zoom Meeting https://us02web.zoom.us/j/81308187921?pwd=RTJIYjRFYWNuQVFKaWJ0VlNFcHMxdz09 Meeting ID: 813 0818 7921 Passcode: prelims Seats limited to 1000. Ask doubts through chat in zoom meet.

https://meet.google.com/fjn-huge-sko UPSC Prelims Test series discussion by toppers.

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Q5) The integration of tribals was a crucial issue facing independent India. Highlight the main arguments in the debates on this issue that helped shape the government policy. Approach: •Mention the problems that the tribals faced in the British period and post-independence period. •Bring out the various approaches that were debated upon as solutions to these problems. •Discuss the approach that was adopted. •Also discuss the constitutional commitments and the current policy measures for tribals in India today. Answer: Colonization of Indian states brought about rapid changes such as privatisation of common natural resources, confiscation of land without authentic ownership, among other issues. Further, businessmen and contractors set up establishments in tribal areas and eventually owned property by exploiting legal loopholes. This led to widespread discontentment and protests among tribals. Post-independence, democracy was introduced and attempts at total inclusion of tribes in the democratic system were made. However, there were challenges, such as, the tribal population was dispersed and the various tribal groups differed from one another. Also, except in the North-East they were a minority in their states. Hence, post-independence, different approaches were discussed to shape the government policythat can facilitate tribal democratic inclusions. With regard to integration of tribals post independence, the following contesting approaches were suggested: •Isolationist Approach: The approach claimed that tribals suffered monetary oppression at the hands of businessmen and moneylenders and cultural exploitation by the missionaries. Further, their relationship with the forest transformed. Thus, there should be autonomy of tribal groups and segregation of their habitation areas. •Assimilation Approach: This approach claimed that tribals were backward Hindus and should be integrated within the Hindu fold. Their progress was aligned with the progress of the mainstream Indian society. •Integrationist Approach: Jawaharlal Nehru arrived at a middle path and adopted the Integrationist approach. He formulated five principles, termed as ‘Panchsheel’, to be pursued vis-a-vis tribals. They were: o Tribals should develop along the lines of their own genius and imposition of alien values should be avoided. o Tribal rights regarding land and forest should be respected. o Tribals should be trained in the work of administration and development. o Tribal areas should not be administered or overwhelmed with a multiplicity of schemes. o Results should be judged not by statistics or money spent, but by the human character that is evolved. Further, the Constitution entails specific provisions to safeguard tribal rights. For e.g. 5th and 6th Schedules providing autonomy of decision making, other articles such as 46, 15(4), 330, 332, 335 etc. These provisions protect their distinctive way of life, protect them from social discrimination and all forms of social injustices and exploitations. Also, based on the constitutional commitments and integrationist approach, various welfare schemes and programs were initiated for tribal inclusion and empowerment. For e.g. tribal Sub-Plan, Institutional Support for Development & Marketing of Tribal Products, Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana etc. #Post_Independence https://t.me/UpscCseMainsMockQnA

Q4) What challenges did independent India face in integration of princely states? In this context, throw light on the role played by Sardar Patel. Approach: •Giving a brief background, mention the challenges which independent India faced in integration of princely states. •Highlight the role played by Sardar Patel in this process. Answer: In colonial India, nearly 40% of the territory was occupied by around 565 small and large states that enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy under the system of British Paramountcy. By August 15, 1947, around 136 states had joined the Indian Union. Others remained precariously outside and started harboring dreams of independence upon withdrawal of British power. For instance: •Kashmir: The state had a Hindu prince and a Muslim majority population. However, the ruler of the state Hari Singh envisaged a sovereign status for the state and was reluctant to accede to either of the dominions. •Junagarh: The state didn’t have any geographical contiguity with Pakistan, yet its Nawab Mohabbat Khan announced accession of his state to Pakistan on August 15, 1947 even though majority of the people, overwhelmingly Hindu, desired to join India. •Travancore: This southern maritime state refused accession to the Indian union and the Dewan of Travancore- Sir C. P. Ramamswamy Aiyar declared his intention of forming an independent state of Travancore. •Hyderabad: Surrounded by Indian Territory, the Nizam of Hyderabad wanted a sovereign status that would remain independent from India and signed a standstill agreement with Government of India. This situation threatened the unity of free India by having small autonomous & sovereign states interspersed within it. Role played by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel With great skill and masterful diplomacy and using both persuasion and pressure, Patel succeeded in integrating the hundreds of princely states. Besides following an iron handed policy, Patel also appealed to the patriotic sentiments of the Princes and invited them to join the forming of a democratic constitution in the national interest. Further, he handled the Junagarh (holding plebiscite) and Hyderabad crisis (police action) as a seasoned statesman. He thereafter carried three fold processes of assimilation, centralization and unification of states. Thus, he not only prevented balkanization of India, but also provided a perfect launch pad for social cohesion and economic development to take place in India. #Post_Independence https://t.me/UpscCseMainsMockQnA