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*A SECULAR STATE 1) The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State. 2) The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State: 3) The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. 4) The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief,Faith and worship. 5) The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14). 6) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15). 7) Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16) *एक धर्मनिरपेक्ष राज्य 1) भारत का संविधान एक धर्मनिरपेक्ष राज्य के लिए खड़ा है। इसलिए, यह किसी विशेष धर्म को भारतीय राज्य के आधिकारिक धर्म के रूप में नहीं मानता है। 2) संविधान के निम्नलिखित प्रावधान भारतीय राज्य के धर्मनिरपेक्ष चरित्र को प्रकट करते हैं: 3) 'धर्मनिरपेक्ष' शब्द को भारतीय संविधान की प्रस्तावना में 42वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम 1976 द्वारा जोड़ा गया था। 4) प्रस्तावना भारत के सभी नागरिकों को विश्वास, विश्वास और पूजा की स्वतंत्रता प्रदान करती है। 5) राज्य किसी व्यक्ति को कानून के समक्ष समानता या कानूनों के समान संरक्षण से वंचित नहीं करेगा (अनुच्छेद 14)। 6) राज्य किसी भी नागरिक के साथ धर्म के आधार पर भेदभाव नहीं करेगा (अनुच्छेद 15)। 7) सार्वजनिक रोजगार के मामलों में सभी नागरिकों के लिए अवसर की समानता (अनुच्छेद 16)

*विनियमन अधिनियम के प्रावधान 1) इस अधिनियम ने कंपनी को भारत में अपनी क्षेत्रीय संपत्ति बनाए रखने की अनुमति दी लेकिन कंपनी की गतिविधियों और कामकाज को विनियमित करने की मांग की। इसने पूरी तरह से सत्ता अपने हाथ में नहीं ली, इसलिए इसे 'विनियमन' कहा जाता है। 2) फोर्ट विलियम (कलकत्ता) के प्रेसीडेंसी में चार पार्षदों के साथ गवर्नर-जनरल की नियुक्ति के लिए प्रदान किया गया अधिनियम, जिसे संयुक्त रूप से काउंसिल में गवर्नर-जनरल कहा जाता है। 3) इसके अनुसार, वॉरेन हेस्टिंग्स को फोर्ट विलियम के प्रेसीडेंसी के गवर्नर-जनरल के रूप में नियुक्त किया गया था। 4) मद्रास और बंबई की परिषदों के राज्यपालों को विशेष रूप से विदेश नीति के मामलों में बंगाल के नियंत्रण में लाया गया। अब, वे बंगाल की स्वीकृति के बिना भारतीय राज्यों के खिलाफ युद्ध नहीं छेड़ सकते थे। 5) कंपनी के निदेशक पांच साल की अवधि के लिए चुने गए थे और उनमें से एक-चौथाई हर साल सेवानिवृत्त होने वाले थे। साथ ही उनका दोबारा चुनाव नहीं हो सका। 6) कंपनी के निदेशकों को ब्रिटिश अधिकारियों के समक्ष भारतीय अधिकारियों के साथ राजस्व, नागरिक और सैन्य मामलों पर सभी पत्राचार को सार्वजनिक करने का निर्देश दिया गया था। 7) पहले मुख्य न्यायाधीश के रूप में सर एलिजा इम्पे के साथ कलकत्ता में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की स्थापना की गई थी। जज इंग्लैंड से आने वाले थे। इसका ब्रिटिश प्रजा पर दीवानी और फौजदारी का अधिकार था, न कि भारतीय मूल के लोगों पर। *विनियमन अधिनियम 1773 के दोष रेगुलेटिंग एक्ट की कमियां 1) गवर्नर-जनरल के पास वोट पावर नहीं थी। 2) इसने भारतीय आबादी की चिंताओं का समाधान नहीं किया जो कंपनी को राजस्व का भुगतान कर रहे थे। 3) इसने कंपनी के अधिकारियों के बीच भ्रष्टाचार को नहीं रोका। 4) सुप्रीम कोर्ट की शक्तियाँ अच्छी तरह से परिभाषित नहीं थीं। 5) कंपनी की गतिविधियों में जिस संसदीय नियंत्रण की मांग की गई थी, वह अप्रभावी साबित हुआ क्योंकि गवर्नर-जनरल द्वारा परिषद में भेजे गए रिपोर्टों का अध्ययन करने के लिए कोई तंत्र नहीं था।

*Regulating Act 1773 Notes 1) The Regulating Act was passed in the British Parliament in June 1773. 2) It was the first parliamentary ratification and authorization defining the powers and authority of the East India Company with respect to its Indian possessions. *Background/Reasons for passing the Act 1) The East India Company was in severe financial crisis and had asked a loan of 1 million pounds from the British government in 1772. 2) Allegations of corruption and nepotism were rampant against company officials. 3) There was a terrible famine in Bengal where a huge population perished. 4) The Dual form of administration instituted by Robert Clive was complex and drawing a lot of complaints. 5) According to this system, the company had Diwani rights (obtained after the Battle of Buxar) in Bengal and the Nawab had Nizamat rights (judicial and policing rights) as secured from the Mughal Emperor. In reality, both powers were vested with the company. The farmers and the general population suffered as their improvement was neglected and the company was only concerned with maximising revenue. *Provisions of The Regulating Act 1) This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the activities and functioning of the company. It did not take over power completely, hence called ‘regulating’. 2) The act provided for appointment of a Governor-General along with four Councillors in the Presidency of Fort William (Calcutta), jointly called the Governor-General in Council. 3) As per this, Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William. 4) The Governors in Councils at Madras and Bombay were brought under the control of Bengal, especially in matters of foreign policy. Now, they could not wage war against Indian states without Bengal’s approval. 5) The company directors were elected for a period of five years and one-fourth of them were to retire every year. Also, they could not be re-elected. 6) The company directors were directed to make public all correspondence on revenue, civil and military matters with Indian authorities before the British authorities. 7) A Supreme Court of Judicature was established at Calcutta with Sir Elijah Impey as the first Chief Justice. Judges were to come from England. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the British subjects and not Indian natives. *Defects of Regulating Act 1773 Drawbacks of The Regulating Act 1) The Governor-General had no veto power. 2) It did not address the concerns of the Indian population who were paying revenue to the company. 3) It did not stop corruption among the company officials. 4) The Supreme Court’s powers were not well-defined. 5) The parliamentary control that was sought in the activities of the company proved to be ineffective as there was no mechanism to study the reports sent by the Governor-General in Council. *विनियमन अधिनियम 1773 नोट्स 1) रेगुलेटिंग एक्ट जून 1773 में ब्रिटिश संसद में पारित किया गया था। 2) यह पहला संसदीय अनुसमर्थन और प्राधिकरण था जो ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी की भारतीय संपत्ति के संबंध में उसकी शक्तियों और अधिकार को परिभाषित करता था। *अधिनियम पारित करने की पृष्ठभूमि/कारण 1) ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी गंभीर वित्तीय संकट में थी और उसने 1772 में ब्रिटिश सरकार से 1 मिलियन पाउंड का ऋण मांगा था। 2) कंपनी के अधिकारियों के खिलाफ भ्रष्टाचार और भाई-भतीजावाद के आरोप बड़े पैमाने पर थे। 3) बंगाल में भयानक अकाल पड़ा जहाँ एक बड़ी आबादी मर गई। 4) रॉबर्ट क्लाइव द्वारा स्थापित प्रशासन का दोहरा रूप जटिल था और बहुत सारी शिकायतें खींच रहा था। 5) इस प्रणाली के अनुसार, कंपनी के पास बंगाल में दीवानी अधिकार (बक्सर की लड़ाई के बाद प्राप्त) थे और नवाब के पास मुगल सम्राट से सुरक्षित निजामत अधिकार (न्यायिक और पुलिस अधिकार) थे। वास्तव में, दोनों शक्तियां कंपनी में निहित थीं। किसानों और आम जनता को नुकसान उठाना पड़ा क्योंकि उनके सुधार की उपेक्षा की गई थी और कंपनी केवल राजस्व को अधिकतम करने के लिए चिंतित थी।

*RIGHT TO PROPERTY After the 44th Amendment of the Constitution, right to property has ceased to be a fundamental right. Under Article 300A, it has become a constitutional right. One other important aspect is with regard to deprivation or acquisition of agricultural and homestead land belonging to weaker sections. Before such deprivation takes place, the persons so deprived must be provided lands of quality as nearly as may be equal to the lands such persons were previously occupying or otherwise adequately rehabilitated. *संपत्ति का अधिकार संविधान के 44 वें संशोधन के बाद, संपत्ति का अधिकार एक मौलिक अधिकार हो गया है। अनुच्छेद 300 ए के तहत, यह एक संवैधानिक अधिकार बन गया है। एक अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पहलू कमजोर वर्गों से संबंधित कृषि और गृहस्थ भूमि के अभाव या अधिग्रहण के संबंध में है। इस तरह के अभाव से पहले, वंचित व्यक्तियों को गुणवत्ता की भूमि प्रदान की जानी चाहिए, क्योंकि लगभग भूमि उन लोगों के बराबर हो सकती है, जो पहले कब्जा कर रहे थे या अन्यथा पर्याप्त रूप से पुनर्वासित थे।

DECREE The adjudication of a court of law may be divided into two classes: (i) decrees, and (ii) orders. In order that a decision of a court may be a "decree", the following elements must be present: (i) There must be an adjudication; (ii) Such adjudication must have been done in a suit; (iii) It must have determined the rights of rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit; (iv) Such determination must be of a conclusive nature; (v) There must be a formal expression of such adjudication. हुक्मनामा न्यायालय के निर्णय को दो वर्गों में विभाजित किया जा सकता है: (i) फरमान, और (ii) आदेश। अदालत का निर्णय "डिक्री" हो सकता है, इसके लिए निम्नलिखित तत्व मौजूद होने चाहिए: (i) एक निर्णय होना चाहिए; (ii) ऐसा न्यायनिर्णयन एक वाद में किया गया होगा; (iii) इसने वाद में विवादित सभी या किसी भी मामले के संबंध में पक्षों के अधिकारों के अधिकारों का निर्धारण किया होगा; (iv) ऐसा निर्धारण निर्णायक प्रकृति का होना चाहिए; (v) ऐसे निर्णय की औपचारिक अभिव्यक्ति होनी चाहिए।

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VERY IMPORTANT DECISIONS Abetment of suicide - Without positive act on the part of accused to instigate or aid in committing suicide, no one can be convicted for offence u/s 306 IPC. (2021(4) Criminal Court Cases 059 (S.C.) Anticipatory bail - Absconder/proclaimed offender - Not entitled to anticipatory bail. (2021(3) Apex Court Judgments 105 (S.C.) Bail - Imposition of onerous conditions for grant of bail tantamount to denial of bail. (2021(4) Criminal Court Cases 246 (S.C.) Criminal trial - Substantial and major contradiction in evidence of solitary eye witness with that of her statement made u/s 161 Cr.P.C. - Reliance on evidence of such witness is not proper. (2021(4) Criminal Court Cases 241 (Orissa) Quashing - Petition if filed after charge sheet is filed - Court is required to consider the material/evidence collected during investigation. (2021(3) Criminal Court Cases 332 (S.C.) Rejection of plaint - Barred by res judicata - Earlier suit between same parties was withdrawn before Lok Adalat and there was no final decision - Said order would not act as res judicata. (2022(1) Civil Court Cases 393 (P&H) Rent & Eviction - Rent deed - Registration - Clause in agreement as to increase of rent by 10% each year - It is a promise contingent on tenancy being continued beyond one year - It cannot make the tenancy year to year or tenancy for a period of more than one year - Rent note does not require compulsory registration. (2020(2) Apex Court Judgments 784 (S.C.)

*VERY IMPORTANT DECISIONS* Abetment of suicide - Mere harassment without any positive action on part of accused proximate to time of occurrence which led to suicide would not amount to an offence u/s 306 IPC. (2021(4) Criminal Court Cases 025 (S.C.) Amendment of plaint - Clerical/typographical mistake - Suit for declaration claiming to be co-sharer co-owner to the extent of 1/4th share in the suit land - Amendment of plaint sought to incorporate one Kill No. - Amendment allowed. (2021(3) Civil Court Cases 697 (P&H) Bail - Appeal against grant of bail - High Court while granting bail not applied mind to rival submissions - Bail granted to accused cancelled. (2021(3) Apex Court Judgments 281 (S.C.) Consumer - Hire Purchase agreement expressly providing for immediate repossession without further notice, in case of default in payment of instalments - Repossession without notice not vitiated for want of notice. (2021(2) Apex Court Judgments 037 (S.C.) Cruelty - Dowry death - Offences u/s 498-A & 304-B IPC, are distinct in nature - Although cruelty is a common thread existing in both the offences, however, if a case is made out, there can be conviction under both the provisions. (2021(3) Apex Court Judgments 582 (S.C.) Dishonour of cheque - Accused successfully created doubt against the story put forth by complainant - Accused rightly acquitted. (2021(4) Criminal Court Cases 711 (Gujarat) Dishonour of cheque - Signatures on cheque not disputed - Presumption arise in favour of complainant - Such presumption remains till contrary is proved - Whether there is rebuttal or not depends on facts and circumstances of each case. (2021(4) Criminal Court Cases 169 (S.C.) Extension of time for completing investigation - Application seeking extension of time is required to be supported by report of Public Prosecutor and not I.O. (2021(4) Criminal Court Cases 291 (Karnataka) Hostile witness - Attesting witness admitted his signatures but signed the document without knowing the contents - An attestor is not required to know the contents of document - No necessity to treat the witness a hostile witness. (2021(4) Civil Court Cases 239 (A.P.) Lease/sub-lease - Payment of rent is essential element of lease or sub-lease - It may be paid in lump sum in advance or it can be payable periodically. (2020(2) Civil Court Cases 008 (Bombay) Maintenance u/s 125 Cr.P.C. - Agreement relinquishing claim for future maintenance - Agreement is void. (2021(3) Criminal Court Cases 433 (Kerala) Muslim marriage - Muslim man may get married more than once without divorcing his earlier wife, but same does not apply to a Muslim lady. (2021(2) Civil Court Cases 199 (P&H) Offence u/s 498-A IPC - Settlement in between the parties - Criminal complaint quashed. (2019(3) Apex Court Judgments 462 (S.C.) Prevention of Corruption - Patwari - Collector is the only competent authority for grant of sanction for prosecution of a patwari. (2021(4) Criminal Court Cases 202 (Chhattisgarh) Protection to life and liberty - Married lady in relationship - If she has any differences with her husband, she has first to get separated from her spouse - Directing police to grant protection to them may indirectly give assent to such illicit relations - Petition dismissed with exemplary cost of Rs.5,000/-. (2021(3) Civil Court Cases 597 (Allahabad)

VERY IMPORTANT DECISION SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Abetment of suicide - Mere harassment without any positive action on part of accused proximate to time of occurrence which led to suicide would not amount to an offence u/s 306 IPC. (2021(3) Apex Court Judgments 250 (S.C.) SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Caretaker/servant - Never acquires interest in the property irrespective of his long possession - Caretaker/servant has to give possession forthwith on demand. (2021(3) Apex Court Judgments 498 (S.C.)

VERY IMPORTANT DECISIONS SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Dishonour of cheque - Security cheque - Once payment becomes due, complainant is entitled in law to present the cheque for payment - Merely labelling the cheque as a security cheque would not obviate its character as an instrument designed to meet a legally enforcement debt or liability for which there were monies due and payable - There is no inflexible rule which precludes the drawee of a cheque issued as security from presenting it for payment in terms of the contract - It all depends on whether a legally enforceable debt or liability has arisen. (2022(1) Civil Court Cases 001 (S.C.) ORISSA HIGH COURT Ex parte decree - Setting aside - Order setting defendant ex parte is not sine qua non for entertaining an application U.O.9.R.13 CPC. (2022(1) Civil Court Cases 263 (Orissa) ALLAHABAD HIGH COURT Mutation - Mutation proceedings are summary in nature and no right or title is created - Revenue entries is only for collection of revenue from person whose name is entered in the records - Title can only be seen in a regular suit filed for declaration and not in a writ petition which arises out of summary proceedings. (2022(1) Civil Court Cases 198 (Allahabad) RAJASTHAN HIGH COURT Power u/s 151 CPC - Cannot be exercised beyond pleadings of parties. (2022(1) Civil Court Cases 085 (Rajasthan).

Don’t ask for affidavits on stamp papers, Aurangabad bench of Bombay high court tells govt offices | Aurangabad News - Times of India https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/dont-ask-for-affidavits-on-stamp-papers-hc-tells-govt-offices/articleshow/87167358.cms

Glossary of Legal Terms | United States Courts https://www.uscourts.gov/glossary

CPC ON FINGER TIPS 0) framing of issues Order 14 0) Plaint Description Order 7 1) To delete/Add parties ORDER 1 RULE 10. 2) Amendment of Suit to add defendants ORDER 1 RULE 10(4) 3) Substitute service ORDER 5 RULE 20 4) Amendment of pleadings ORDER 6 RULE 17 5) Additional W.S ( Rejoinder ) ORDER 8 RULE 9 6) Setting aside ex-parte order ORDER 9RULE 7 7) Restoration ORDER 9 RULE 9 Set aside ex-parte decree ORDER 9 RULE 13 9) To order production of documents ORDER 11 RULE 14 11) Inspection of documents ORDER 11 RULE 15 12) To produce documents ORDER12 RULE 8 13) Production of documents ORDER 7 RULE 14(3) 14) To return unmarked documents ORDER 13 RULE 7(2) 15) To return marked Documents 13 RULE 9 16) Adjournment 17 RULE 1 17) Recalling witness 18 RULE 17 18) To grant installments after decree passed ORDER 20 RULE 11(2) 19) Stay of execution ORDER 21 RULE 26 20) Delivery of immovable property ORDER 21 RULE 35 21) To Break open door ORDER 21 RULE 35(3) 22) Attachments of movables of JDRs ORDER 21RULE 43 23) Attachments of Payorders of JDRs ORDER 21RULE 45(1) 24) Attachment of salary of JDRs ORDER 21 RULE 48 25) Attachment of Immovable property of JDRs ORDER 21 RULE 54 26) Sale of attached property ORDER 21 RULE 64 27) Adjournment/stoppage of sale ORDER 21RULE 69 28) Delivery of movable property ORDER 21 RULE 9 29) To bring L.Rs on record in case of death of Plaintiff ORDER 22 RULE 3 30) To bring L.Rs on record in case of death of Defendant ORDER 22RULE 4 31) For Compromise ORDER 23 RULE 3 32) Appointment of commissioner to examine witness ORDER 26 RULE 1 33) Appointment of commissioner to make local investigation ORDER 26RULE 9 34) Appointment of commissioner to examine adjust A/Cs ORDER 26 RULE 11 35) Appointment of commissioner to make partition of immovable property ORDER26 RULE 13 36) Disclose partners names ORDER 30RULE 2 37) Appointment of guardian for minors ORDER 33RULE 1 38) Removal of guardian ORDER 32 RULE 9 39) To declare as major ORDER 32 RULE 12 40) Appointment of guardian to unsound person ORDER 32 RULE 15 41) Attachment before judgment ORDER 38 RULE 5 42) Appointment of receiver ORDER 40RULE 1 43) Regular appeal ORDER 41 RULE 1 44) Stay of execution of decree in appeal ORDER 41 RULE 5(1) 45) Restore of appeal dismissed for default ORDER 41 RULE 19 46) Production of additional evidence in appeal ORDER 41 RULE 27 47) Second appeal ORDER 42 RULE 1 (SEC 100 CPC ) 48) Review of Judgment ORDER 47 RULE 1 (114 CPC ) 49) Advancement RULE 109(2) 50) Third party for C.Cs RULE188(2) 51) Amendment of Judgments/decrees/orders ORDER Sec.152 52) To summon (Handover summons) for evidence ORDER 16 RULE 7(4)