Coding Interview Resources

Top 10 Python Interview Questions 1. What is Python and what are its key features? Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability. Its key features include dynamic typing, automatic memory management, a large standard library, and support for multiple programming paradigms (such as procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming). 2. What are the differences between Python 2 and Python 3? Python 2 and Python 3 are two major versions of the Python programming language. Some key differences include: - Python 3 has stricter syntax rules and is not backward compatible with Python 2. - Python 3 has improved Unicode support and better handling of byte strings. - Python 3 has some new features and improvements over Python 2, such as the print function being replaced by the print() function. 3. Explain the difference between list and tuple in Python. - Lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be changed after creation, while tuples are immutable and their elements cannot be changed. - Lists are defined using square brackets [], while tuples are defined using parentheses (). - Lists are typically used for collections of items that may need to be modified, while tuples are used for fixed collections of items that should not change. 4. What is PEP 8 and why is it important in Python programming? PEP 8 is the official style guide for Python code, outlining best practices for writing clean, readable, and maintainable code. Following PEP 8 helps ensure consistency across projects, makes code easier to understand and maintain, and promotes good coding habits within the Python community. 5. How do you handle exceptions in Python? Exceptions in Python can be handled using try-except blocks. The code that may raise an exception is placed within the try block, and any potential exceptions are caught and handled in the except block. Additionally, you can use the finally block to execute cleanup code regardless of whether an exception occurs. 6. What is a decorator in Python and how do you use it? A decorator in Python is a function that takes another function as input and extends or modifies its behavior without changing its source code. Decorators are typically used to add functionality to functions or methods, such as logging, authentication, or performance monitoring. To use a decorator, you simply place the "@decorator_name" above the function definition. 7. Explain the difference between '==' and 'is' in Python. The '==' operator checks for equality of values between two objects, while the 'is' operator checks for identity, meaning it compares whether two objects refer to the same memory location. In other words, '==' checks if two objects have the same value, while 'is' checks if they are the same object. 8. How do you create a virtual environment in Python? You can create a virtual environment in Python using the venv module, which is included in the standard library. To create a virtual environment, you run the command "python -m venv myenv" in your terminal or command prompt, where "myenv" is the name of your virtual environment. You can then activate the virtual environment using the appropriate command for your operating system. 9. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy in Python? A shallow copy creates a new object but does not recursively copy nested objects within it, meaning changes to nested objects will affect both the original and copied objects. A deep copy creates a new object and recursively copies all nested objects within it, ensuring that changes to nested objects do not affect the original object. 10. How do you handle file I/O operations in Python? File I/O operations in Python can be performed using built-in functions such as open(), read(), write(), close(), and more. To read from a file, you open it in read mode ('r') and use functions like read() or readline(). To write to a file, you open it in write mode ('w') or append mode ('a') and use functions like write() or writelines().

Pattern 3: Fast and Slow pointers The Fast and Slow pointer approach, also known as the Hare & Tortoise algorithm, is a pointer algorithm that uses two pointers which move through the array (or sequence/linked list) at different speeds. This approach is quite useful when dealing with cyclic linked lists or arrays. By moving at different speeds (say, in a cyclic linked list), the algorithm proves that the two pointers are bound to meet. The fast pointer should catch the slow pointer once both the pointers are in a cyclic loop. How To Identify - The problem will deal with a loop in a linked list or array - When you need to know the position of a certain element or the overall length of the linked list Questions - Linked List Cycle (easy) - Palindrome Linked List (medium) - Cycle in a Circular Array (hard) Best DSA RESOURCES: https://topmate.io/coding/886874 ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

Pattern 2: Two Pointers Pattern Two Pointers is a pattern where two pointers iterate through the data structure in tandem until one or both of the pointers hit a certain condition. Two Pointers is often useful when searching pairs in a sorted array or linked list; for example, when you have to compare each element of an array to its other elements. How To Identify - It will feature problems where you deal with sorted arrays (or Linked Lists) and need to find a set of elements that fulfill certain constraints - The set of elements in the array is a pair, a triplet, or even a subarray Questions - Squaring a sorted array (easy) - Triplets that sum to zero (medium) - Comparing strings that contain backspaces (medium) You can check these resources for Coding interview Preparation All the best 👍👍

Pattern 1: Sliding Window Pattern The Sliding Window pattern is used to perform a required operation on a specific window size of a given array or linked list, such as finding the longest subarray containing all 1s. Sliding Windows start from the 1st element and keep shifting right by one element and adjust the length of the window according to the problem that you are solving. In some cases, the window size remains constant and in other cases the sizes grows or shrinks. How To Identify - The problem input is a linear data structure such as a linked list, array, or string - You’re asked to find the longest/shortest substring, subarray, or a desired value Questions - Maximum sum subarray of size ‘K’ (easy) - Longest substring with ‘K’ distinct characters (medium) - String anagrams (hard) Best DSA RESOURCES: https://topmate.io/coding/886874 ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

Hello everyone The motive of this channel is to help you crack your coding interview preparations The name of channel is choosen as it looks cool and inspiring. https://t.me/crackingthecodinginterview You can share this with your friends/peers who are struggling to prepare for product companies Few things to mention: - You need to add efforts - Nothing can beat self study My role is to guide you with correct path and resources If you utilize it you can crack your dream company Those weak in DSA,  start leetcode from easy difficulty level Focus on understanding the problem vs doing lot of problems Dont use geeksforgeeks, sometimes it has bad solutions. ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

PREPARING FOR AN ONLINE INTERVIEW? 10 basic tips to consider when invited/preparing for an online interview: 1. Get to know the online technology that the interviewer(s) will use. Is it a phone call, WhatsApp, Skype or Zoom interview? If not clear, ask. 2. Familiarize yourself with the online tools that you’ll be using. Understand how Zoom/Skype works and test it well in advance. Test the sound and video quality. 3. Ensure that your internet connection is stable. If using mobile data, make sure it’s adequate to sustain the call to the end. 4. Ensure the lighting and the background is good. Remove background clutter. Isolate yourself in a place where you’ll not have any noise distractions. 5. For Zoom/Skype calls, use your desktop or laptop instead of your phone. They’re more stable especially for video calls. 6. Mute all notifications on your computer/phone to avoid unnecessary distractions. 7. Ensure that your posture is right. Just because it’s a remote interview does not mean you slouch on your couch. Maintain an upright posture. 8. Prepare on the other job specifics just like you would for a face-to-face interview 9. Dress up like you would for a face-to-face interview. 10. Be all set at least 10 minutes to the start of interview.

As a fresher, gaining experience in a broad area like web development or mobile app development can be beneficial for programmers. These fields often have diverse opportunities and demand for entry-level positions. Additionally, exploring fundamental concepts like data structures, algorithms, and version control is crucial. As you gain experience, you can then specialize based on your interests and the industry's evolving demands.

Here are the 50 JavaScript interview questions for 2024 1. What is JavaScript? 2. What are the data types in JavaScript? 3. What is the difference between null and undefined? 4. Explain the concept of hoisting in JavaScript. 5. What is a closure in JavaScript? 6. What is the difference between “==” and “===” operators in JavaScript? 7. Explain the concept of prototypal inheritance in JavaScript. 8. What are the different ways to define a function in JavaScript? 9. How does event delegation work in JavaScript? 10. What is the purpose of the “this” keyword in JavaScript? 11. What are the different ways to create objects in JavaScript? 12. Explain the concept of callback functions in JavaScript. 13. What is event bubbling and event capturing in JavaScript? 14. What is the purpose of the “bind” method in JavaScript? 15. Explain the concept of AJAX in JavaScript. 16. What is the “typeof” operator used for? 17. How does JavaScript handle errors and exceptions? 18. Explain the concept of event-driven programming in JavaScript. 19. What is the purpose of the “async” and “await” keywords in JavaScript? 20. What is the difference between a deep copy and a shallow copy in JavaScript? 21. How does JavaScript handle memory management? 22. Explain the concept of event loop in JavaScript. 23. What is the purpose of the “map” method in JavaScript? 24. What is a promise in JavaScript? 25. How do you handle errors in promises? 26. Explain the concept of currying in JavaScript. 27. What is the purpose of the “reduce” method in JavaScript? 28. What is the difference between “null” and “undefined” in JavaScript? 29. What are the different types of loops in JavaScript? 30. What is the difference between “let,” “const,” and “var” in JavaScript? 31. Explain the concept of event propagation in JavaScript. 32. What are the different ways to manipulate the DOM in JavaScript? 33. What is the purpose of the “localStorage” and “sessionStorage” objects? 34. How do you handle asynchronous operations in JavaScript? 35. What is the purpose of the “forEach” method in JavaScript? 36. What are the differences between “let” and “var” in JavaScript? 37. Explain the concept of memoization in JavaScript. 38. What is the purpose of the “splice” method in JavaScript arrays? 39. What is a generator function in JavaScript? 40. How does JavaScript handle variable scoping? 41. What is the purpose of the “split” method in JavaScript? 42. What is the difference between a deep clone and a shallow clone of an object? 43. Explain the concept of the event delegation pattern. 44. What are the differences between JavaScript’s “null” and “undefined”? 45. What is the purpose of the “arguments” object in JavaScript? 46. What are the different ways to define methods in JavaScript objects? 47. Explain the concept of memoization and its benefits. 48. What is the difference between “slice” and “splice” in JavaScript arrays? 49. What is the purpose of the “apply” and “call” methods in JavaScript? 50. Explain the concept of the event loop in JavaScript and how it handles asynchronous operations.

100+ Practice Questions ❍ C/C++ ❍ Python ❍ JavaScript ❍ Java ❍ C# ❍ Golang ➊ Simple Numbers ➀ Find a digit at a specific place in a number ➁ Find count of digits in a number ➂ Find the largest digit ➃ Find the 2nd largest digit ➄ Find the kth largest digit ➅ Find the smallest digit ➆ Find the 2nd smallest digit ➇ Find the kth smallest digit ➈ Find generic root (sum of all digits) of a number ➉ Reverse the digits in a number ➀➀ Rotate the digits in a number ➀➁ Is the number a palindrome? ➀➂ Find sum of 'n' numbers ➀➃ Check if a number is perfect square ➀➄ Find a number in an AP sequence ➀➅ Find a number in a GP sequence ➀➆ Find a number in fibonacci sequence ➀➇ Check number divisibility by 2, 3, 5, 9 ➀➈ Check if a number is primary or not 20. Given a number, print all primes smaller than it ➁➀ Check if a number is circular prime or not ➁➁ Find all prime factors of a number ➁➂ Find the GCD of 2 numbers ➁➃ Find the LCM of 2 numbers ➁➄ Find the factorial of a number ➁➅ Find the exponentiation of a number ➋ Unit Conversion ➀ Number Base (Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, Decimal) ➁ Weight (gram, kg, pound) ➂ Height (cm, m, inch, feet) ➃ Temperature (centigrade, fahrenhite) ➄ Distance (km, mile) ➅ Area (m², km², acre) ➆ Volume (ltr, gallon) ➇ Time (sec, min, hour) ➈ Currency ➌ Calculator ➀ Loan EMI Calculator ➁ Fixed Deposit Returns Calculator ➂ Interest Calculator ➃ BMI Calculator ➄ Item Price (considering tax, discount, shipping) ➅ Tip Calculator ➍ Geometry ➀ Find distance between 2 points ➁ Given 2 sides of a right angle triangle, find the 3rd ➂ Find 3rd angle of a triangle when 2 are given ➃ Area of a triangle when 3 sides are given ➄ Area of a right angle triangle ➅ Perimeter of a Square ➆ Area of a Square ➇ Perimeter of a Rectangle ➈ Area of a Rectangle ➉ Circumference of a Circle ➀➀ Area of a Circle ➀➁ Circumference of a Semi-Circle ➀➂ Area of a Semi-Circle ➀➃ Area of a Ring ➀➄ Circumference of an Ellipse ➀➅ Area of an Ellipse ➀➆ Suface Area of a Sphere ➀➇ Volume of a Sphere ➀➈ Surface Area of a Hemisphere 20. Volume of a Hemisphere ➁➀ Surface area of a Cube ➁➁ Volume of a Cube ➁➂ Surface area of a Cylinder ➁➃ Volume of a Cylinder ➎ Vector ➀ Find Scalar Multiplication of a vector ➁ Find addition/subtraction of vectors ➂ Find magnitude of a vector ➃ Find an unit vector along a given vector ➄ Find dot product of 2 vectors ➅ Find cross product of 2 vectors ➆ Check if 2 vectors are orthogonal ➏ Matrix ➀ Find the determinant of a matrix ➁ Find Scalar Multiplication of a matrix ➂ Find addition/subtraction of matrices ➃ Find the transpose of a matrix ➄ Find if 2 matrices are orthogonal ➅ Find inverse of a 2x2 and 3x3 matrix ➐ Set ➀ Find Union of 2 sets ➁ Find Intersection of 2 sets ➂ Find the Difference of 2 sets ➃ Find the Symmetric Difference of 2 sets ➄ Find if a set is subset/superset of another set ➅ Find if 2 sets are disjoints ➑ Special Numbers ➀ Strong Number ➁ Perfect Number ➂ Armstrong Number ➃ Harshad Number ➄ Kaprekar Number ➅ Lychrel Number ➆ Narcissistic Decimal Number ➇ Lucus Number ➈ Catalan Number ➉ Duck Number ➀➀ Ugly Number ➀➁ Abundant Number ➀➂ Deficient Number ➀➃ Automorphic Number ➀➄ Magic Number ➀➅ Friendly Pair Numbers ➀➆ Neon Number ➀➇ Spy Number ➀➈ Happy Number 20. Sunny Number ➁➀ Disarium Number ➁➁ Pronic Number ➁➂ Trimorphic Number ➁➃ Evil Number ➁➄ Amicable Pairs ⬘ If you want to excel in programming, practice a lot. Join for more: https://t.me/programming_guide ⬙ Problems based on numbers are easy to start with and they help in improving your analytical skills.

Top 10 Javascript Interview Questions With Answers 👇👇 1. What is JavaScript? JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language that is used to make web pages interactive and dynamic. It is commonly used for front-end development and can also be used for back-end development with the help of Node.js. 2. What are the data types in JavaScript? JavaScript has six primitive data types: string, number, boolean, null, undefined, and symbol. It also has an object data type, which includes arrays and functions. 3. What is the difference between == and === in JavaScript? The == operator compares the values of two variables, while the === operator compares both the values and the types of the variables. For example, 5 == "5" would return true, but 5 === "5" would return false. 4. What is a closure in JavaScript? A closure is a function that has access to its own scope, the outer function's scope, and the global scope. It allows for encapsulation and private data in JavaScript. 5. What is the use of the 'this' keyword in JavaScript? The 'this' keyword refers to the object that is currently executing the current function. Its value is determined by how a function is called. 6. What are callbacks in JavaScript? A callback is a function that is passed as an argument to another function and is executed after a specific event or task has been completed. Callbacks are commonly used in asynchronous programming. 7. What are arrow functions in JavaScript? Arrow functions are a more concise way to write function expressions in JavaScript. They have a shorter syntax and do not bind their own 'this' value. 8. What is event bubbling in JavaScript? Event bubbling is a mechanism in which an event triggered on a child element will also trigger on its parent elements, propagating up the DOM tree. 9. What is the difference between let and var in JavaScript? The let keyword was introduced in ES6 and is used to declare block-scoped variables, while var declares function-scoped variables. Variables declared with var are hoisted to the top of their function scope, while let variables are not. 10. How does prototypal inheritance work in JavaScript? In JavaScript, objects can inherit properties and methods from other objects through prototype chaining. When a property or method is accessed on an object, JavaScript will look up the prototype chain to find it if it's not directly on the object itself. You can check these resources for Coding interview Preparation Credits: https://t.me/free4unow_backup All the best 👍👍

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Complete roadmap to learn Python and Data Structures & Algorithms (DSA) in 2 months ### Week 1: Introduction to Python Day 1-2: Basics of Python - Python setup (installation and IDE setup) - Basic syntax, variables, and data types - Operators and expressions Day 3-4: Control Structures - Conditional statements (if, elif, else) - Loops (for, while) Day 5-6: Functions and Modules - Function definitions, parameters, and return values - Built-in functions and importing modules Day 7: Practice Day - Solve basic problems on platforms like HackerRank or LeetCode ### Week 2: Advanced Python Concepts Day 8-9: Data Structures in Python - Lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries - List comprehensions and generator expressions Day 10-11: Strings and File I/O - String manipulation and methods - Reading from and writing to files Day 12-13: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) - Classes and objects - Inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation Day 14: Practice Day - Solve intermediate problems on coding platforms ### Week 3: Introduction to Data Structures Day 15-16: Arrays and Linked Lists - Understanding arrays and their operations - Singly and doubly linked lists Day 17-18: Stacks and Queues - Implementation and applications of stacks - Implementation and applications of queues Day 19-20: Recursion - Basics of recursion and solving problems using recursion - Recursive vs iterative solutions Day 21: Practice Day - Solve problems related to arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues ### Week 4: Fundamental Algorithms Day 22-23: Sorting Algorithms - Bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort - Merge sort and quicksort Day 24-25: Searching Algorithms - Linear search and binary search - Applications and complexity analysis Day 26-27: Hashing - Hash tables and hash functions - Collision resolution techniques Day 28: Practice Day - Solve problems on sorting, searching, and hashing ### Week 5: Advanced Data Structures Day 29-30: Trees - Binary trees, binary search trees (BST) - Tree traversals (in-order, pre-order, post-order) Day 31-32: Heaps and Priority Queues - Understanding heaps (min-heap, max-heap) - Implementing priority queues using heaps Day 33-34: Graphs - Representation of graphs (adjacency matrix, adjacency list) - Depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS) Day 35: Practice Day - Solve problems on trees, heaps, and graphs ### Week 6: Advanced Algorithms Day 36-37: Dynamic Programming - Introduction to dynamic programming - Solving common DP problems (e.g., Fibonacci, knapsack) Day 38-39: Greedy Algorithms - Understanding greedy strategy - Solving problems using greedy algorithms Day 40-41: Graph Algorithms - Dijkstra’s algorithm for shortest path - Kruskal’s and Prim’s algorithms for minimum spanning tree Day 42: Practice Day - Solve problems on dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, and advanced graph algorithms ### Week 7: Problem Solving and Optimization Day 43-44: Problem-Solving Techniques - Backtracking, bit manipulation, and combinatorial problems Day 45-46: Practice Competitive Programming - Participate in contests on platforms like Codeforces or CodeChef Day 47-48: Mock Interviews and Coding Challenges - Simulate technical interviews - Focus on time management and optimization Day 49: Review and Revise - Go through notes and previously solved problems - Identify weak areas and work on them ### Week 8: Final Stretch and Project Day 50-52: Build a Project - Use your knowledge to build a substantial project in Python involving DSA concepts Day 53-54: Code Review and Testing - Refactor your project code - Write tests for your project Day 55-56: Final Practice - Solve problems from previous contests or new challenging problems Day 57-58: Documentation and Presentation - Document your project and prepare a presentation or a detailed report Day 59-60: Reflection and Future Plan - Reflect on what you've learned - Plan your next steps (advanced topics, more projects, etc.) Best DSA RESOURCES: https://topmate.io/coding/886874 Credits: https://t.me/free4unow_backup ENJOY LEARNING 👍👍

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Top coding interview questions & answers Part-2 👇👇 11. What is the difference between an instance method and a static method? An instance method operates on an instance of a class and can access instance variables and methods. A static method belongs to the class itself and can only access static variables and methods. 12. Explain the concept of inheritance. Inheritance is a mechanism in object-oriented programming where one class inherits properties and behaviors from another class. The class being inherited from is called the superclass or base class, while the class inheriting is called the subclass or derived class. Inheritance allows for code reuse and promotes code organization. 13. What is the difference between stack memory and heap memory? Stack memory is used for storing local variables and function calls, while heap memory is used for dynamically allocated memory using keywords like "new" or "malloc". Stack memory is managed by the compiler, while heap memory must be managed manually by the programmer. 14. What is a hashtable and how does it work? A hash table (or hash map) is a data structure that allows for efficient insertion, deletion, and retrieval of key-value pairs. It uses a hash function to map keys to an index in an array, where values are stored. Collisions can occur when multiple keys map to the same index, which can be resolved using techniques like chaining or open addressing. 15. Explain the concept of deadlock. Deadlock occurs when two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by another process, resulting in a circular dependency. Deadlocks can be prevented by using techniques like resource allocation graphs, deadlock avoidance algorithms, or by implementing mechanisms like locks or semaphores. 16. What are some advantages of using object-oriented programming? Advantages of object-oriented programming include code reusability, modularity, encapsulation, easier maintenance and debugging, improved code organization, and increased productivity through abstraction and polymorphism. 17. What is dynamic programming? Dynamic programming is an algorithmic technique where complex problems are broken down into simpler overlapping subproblems, which are solved once and their solutions are stored for future reference. This technique helps avoid redundant computations and improves efficiency. 18. How does binary search work? Binary search is an efficient algorithm for finding a target value within a sorted array. It compares the target value with the middle element of the array and narrows down the search space by half with each comparison until the target value is found or determined to be absent. 19. What are some common data structures used in computer science? Some common data structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees (binary trees, AVL trees, etc.), heaps, hash tables, graphs, and sets. 20. Explain the concept of Big O notation. Big O notation is used to describe the performance or complexity of an algorithm in terms of its input size. It represents the upper bound or worst-case scenario of an algorithm's time or space complexity. For example, O(1) represents constant time complexity, O(n) represents linear time complexity, O(n^2) represents quadratic time complexity, etc. Best DSA RESOURCES: https://topmate.io/coding/886874 Credits: https://t.me/free4unow_backup All the best 👍👍

Top coding interview questions & answers Part-1 👇👇 1. What is the difference between a stack and a queue? A stack is a data structure that follows the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle, meaning that the last element added is the first one to be removed. A queue, on the other hand, follows the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle, where the first element added is the first one to be removed. 2. Explain the concept of recursion. Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself to solve a problem. It involves breaking down a complex problem into smaller sub-problems until a base case is reached, which allows the function to stop calling itself and start returning values. 3. What is the time complexity of various sorting algorithms? Some common sorting algorithms and their time complexities are: - Bubble Sort: O(n^2) - Insertion Sort: O(n^2) - Selection Sort: O(n^2) - Merge Sort: O(n log n) - Quick Sort: O(n log n) - Heap Sort: O(n log n) 4. What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface? An abstract class can have both implemented and unimplemented methods, while an interface can only have unimplemented methods. A class can extend only one abstract class but can implement multiple interfaces. 5. What is the difference between a deep copy and a shallow copy? A shallow copy creates a new object that references the same memory locations as the original object, while a deep copy creates a new object with its own memory and copies the values from the original object. 6. Explain the concept of polymorphism. Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. It allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. This enables code to be written that can work with objects of different classes, as long as they share a common interface or superclass. 7. What is the difference between an instance variable and a static variable? An instance variable belongs to an instance of a class and has separate copies for each instance. A static variable, on the other hand, belongs to the class itself and is shared by all instances of that class. 8. How does garbage collection work in Java? Garbage collection in Java automatically frees up memory by deallocating objects that are no longer reachable or in use. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) keeps track of all objects and their references, and periodically identifies and removes objects that are no longer needed. 9. Explain the concept of encapsulation. Encapsulation is the practice of hiding internal details of an object and providing access to its functionality through well-defined interfaces. It helps in achieving data abstraction, data hiding, and code modularity. 10. What is the difference between a linked list and an array? An array is a fixed-size data structure that stores elements in contiguous memory locations, allowing for random access using indices. A linked list, on the other hand, is a dynamic data structure where elements are stored in separate nodes that contain references to the next node, allowing for efficient insertion and deletion but slower random access. Best DSA RESOURCES: https://topmate.io/coding/886874 Credits: https://t.me/free4unow_backup Like for next part 😄 All the best 👍👍

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