B.Sc. NURSING 💊💉

Anatomy: a) Which part for regulating sleep and wake cycles? A) Thalamus B) Hippocampus C) Amygdala D) Hypothalamus Answer: D) Hypothalamus Physiology: a) Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood sugar levels? A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) Estrogen D) Progesterone Answer: B) Glucagon Pathology: a) Which virus is responsible for causing the common cold? A) Influenza virus B) Rhinovirus C) Coronavirus D) Varicella-zoster virus Answer: B) Rhinovirus Pharmacology: a) What is the generic name of the popular pain reliever Tylenol? A) Acetaminophen B) Aspirin C) Ibuprofen D) Naproxen Answer: A) Acetaminophen Microbiology: a) What is the most common bacterial cause of urinary tract infections? A) Escherichia coli B) Streptococcus pneumoniae C) Staphylococcus aureus D) Haemophilus influenzae Answer: A) Escherichia coli Psychology: a) What is the term for the phenomenon where people tend to believe that they are better than average? A) Self-serving bias B) Confirmation bias C) Anchoring bias D) Hindsight bias Answer: A) Self-serving bias Sociology: a) What is the term for the unjust treatment of individuals based on their social group membership? A) Stereotyping B) Discrimination C) Prejudice D) Racism Answer: B) Discrimination History: a) Who was the first U.S. president to be impeached? A) Andrew Jackson B) Richard Nixon C) Bill Clinton D) Andrew Johnson Answer: D) Andrew Johnson Geography: a) What is the capital of South Africa? A) Cape Town B) Pretoria C) Johannesburg D) Durban Answer: B) Pretoria Economics: a) What is the term for the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time? A) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) B) Inflation C) Unemployment rate D) Fiscal policy Answer: A) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

IMMUNOGLOBULINS IMPORTANT POINTS 1. Ig that crosses the placenta ........... Ig G . 2. Ig present in milk .......... Ig G and Ig A 3. Ig in sero-mucinous glands ............Ig G and Ig A 4. Ig in primary immune response..............Ig M 5. Ig in secondary immune response.........Ig G 6. Ig with maximum molecular weight .............Ig M 7. Ig with maximum sedimentation rate .........Ig M 8. Ig with minimum sedimentation coefficient ........Ig G 9. Blood group antibodies belong to which type of immunoglobulins ....Ig M 10. Rheumatoid factor belongs to which type of immunoglobulins ............Ig M ( antibody against Fc fragment of Ig G ) 11. Immunoglobulin that is heat labile ..........Ig E . 12. Immunoglobulin mediating the prausnitz kustner reaction ...........Ig E 13. Ig appearing first in life..........Ig M 14. homocytotropism is seen in which Ig..............Ig E . 15. Ig with maximum serum concentration ........... Ig G 16. Ig with minimum serum concentration ............Ig E 17. Ig with longest half life ........... Ig G 18. Ig with shortest half life .............Ig E 19. Ig with maximum synthesis per day ...........Ig A 20. Ig with minimum synthesis per day ............Ig E 21. Ig responsible for hypersensitivity pneumonitis .........Ig G 22. binary exposure to an antigen results in sudden increase in..........Ig G 23. Ig to fix complements via classical pathway.......... Ig G1 and Ig M 24. Ig to fix complements via alternate pathway ........Ig A , Ig D , Ig G https://t.me/Bscnursing

CP : : complete picture (of blood) CXR : : X-ray chest (PA view) BT : : bleeding time CT : : clotting time LFT : : liver function test SGOT : : serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase SGPT : : serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase ALP : : alkaline phosphatase ALT : : alanine aminotransferase GGT: :gamma glutamyl transpeptidase GGT: : gamma glutamile transpeptidase GTT: : glucose tolerance test LDH: : lactae dehydrogenase PT: : prothrombing time AF : : atrial fibrillation AIDS : acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AKA : alcoholic ketoacidosis ALL : acute lymphoblastic leukaemia AMI : acute myocardial infarction ARF : acute renal failure HTN : : high blood pressure  hyper tension CABG: coronary artery bypass graft CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia CCF: congestive cardiac failure CF: cystic fibrosis CHD: coronary heart disease CNS: central nervous system COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPAP: continuous positive airways pressure CRF: chronic renal failure CSF: cerebrospinal fluid CT: computer mography CVA: cerebrovascular accident (stroke) CVD: cardiovascular disease DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis DU: duodenal ulcer DVT: deep vein thrombosis ECG: electrocardiography/ or cardiogram EEG: electroencephalogram ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESRD: end-stage renal disease FPG: fasting plasma glucose GIT: gastrointestinal tract GU: gastric ulcer GvHD: graft versus host disease HAV: hepatitis A virus HBV: hepatitis B virus Hcg: human chorionic gonadotrophin HAV : : hepatitis A virus HCV hepatitis: C virus HIV: human immunodeficiency virus HNA: heparin neutralising activity ICH: intracranial haemorrhage IDA: iron deficiency anaemia IDDM: insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus IFG: impaired fasting glucose IGT : impaired glucose tolerance IHD: ischaemic heart disease Ig: immunoglobulin IM: intramuscular ITU: intensive therapy unit IV: intravenous IVU: intravenous urogram K: : potassium LBBB: left bundle branch block LCM: left costal margin LFTs: liver function tests LIF: left iliac fossa LUQ: left upper quadrant LVF: left ventricular failure LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy MC&S: microscopy, culture & sensitivity MCH: mean cell haemoglobin MI: myocardial infarction Min: minutes MPD: myeloproliferative disease MRI : magnetic resonance imaging MS : multiple sclerosis or mass spectroscopy Na: : sodium Ca : : calcium NaCl: sodium chloride OA : osteo arthritis RA : : rheumatoid arthritis OCP: oral contraceptive pill PACWP: pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure PAD: peripheral arterial disease PB: peripheral blood PBC : primary biliary cirrhosis PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention PCL: plasma cell leukaemia PE: pulmonary embolism PR: per rectum PV : : per vagina PV: plasma volume RAS: renal angiotensin system or renal artery stenosis RBBB: right bundle branch block RBCs: red blood cells RCC: red blood cell count Rh: Rhesus (monkey) RIF: right iliac fossa RUQ: right upper quadrant SC: subcutaneous SDH: subdural haemorrhage SOB: shortness of breath SM: smooth muscle SVC : superior vena cava SVCO: superior vena caval obstruction SXR: skull x-ray T°: temperature t1/2: half-life T4: thyroxine TA: temporal arteritis TB: tuberculosis TFT: thyroid function test TIAs: transient ischaemic attacks TPO: thyroid peroxidase TRAB: thyrotropin receptor antibodies TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone TT: thrombin time UC: ulcerative colitis U&E: urea and electrolytes UCE: : urea creatinine & electrolytes URTI: upper respiratory tract infection UTI: urinary tract infection USS: ultrasound scan VIII: C factor VIII clotting activity VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide Vit K: vitamin K VSD: ventricular septal defect WBC: :white blood cell TLC : : total leukocytes count https://t.me/Bscnursing

FULL FORM OF COMMON MEDICAL WORDS CBC : : complete blood count CP : : complete picture (of blood) CXR : : X-ray chest (PA view) BT : : bleeding time CT : : clotting time LFT : : liver function test SGOT : : serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase SGPT : : serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase ALP : : alkaline phosphatase ALT : : alanine aminotransferase GGT: :gamma glutamyl transpeptidase GGT: : gamma glutamile transpeptidase GTT: : glucose tolerance test LDH: : lactae dehydrogenase PT: : prothrombing time AF : : atrial fibrillation AIDS : acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AKA : alcoholic ketoacidosis ALL : acute lymphoblastic leukaemia AMI : acute myocardial infarction ARF : acute renal failure HTN : : high blood pressure  hyper tension CABG: coronary artery bypass graft CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia CCF: congestive cardiac failure CF: cystic fibrosis CHD: coronary heart disease CNS: central nervous system COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPAP: continuous positive airways pressure CRF: chronic renal failure CSF: cerebrospinal fluid CT: computer mography CVA: cerebrovascular accident (stroke) CVD: cardiovascular disease DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis DU: duodenal ulcer DVT: deep vein thrombosis ECG: electrocardiography/ or cardiogram EEG: electroencephalogram ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESRD: end-stage renal disease FPG: fasting plasma glucose GIT: gastrointestinal tract GU: gastric ulcer GvHD: graft versus host disease HAV: hepatitis A virus HBV: hepatitis B virus Hcg: human chorionic gonadotrophin HAV : : hepatitis A virus HCV hepatitis: C virus HIV: human immunodeficiency virus HNA: heparin neutralising activity ICH: intracranial haemorrhage IDA: iron deficiency anaemia IDDM: insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus IFG: impaired fasting glucose IGT : impaired glucose tolerance IHD: ischaemic heart disease Ig: immunoglobulin IM: intramuscular ITU: intensive therapy unit IV: intravenous IVU: intravenous urogram K: : potassium LBBB: left bundle branch block LCM: left costal margin LFTs: liver function tests LIF: left iliac fossa LUQ: left upper quadrant LVF: left ventricular failure LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy MC&S: microscopy, culture & sensitivity MCH: mean cell haemoglobin MI: myocardial infarction Min: minutes MPD: myeloproliferative disease MRI : magnetic resonance imaging MS : multiple sclerosis or mass spectroscopy Na: : sodium Ca : : calcium NaCl: sodium chloride OA : osteo arthritis RA : : rheumatoid arthritis OCP: oral contraceptive pill PACWP: pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure PAD: peripheral arterial disease PB: peripheral blood PBC : primary biliary cirrhosis PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention PCL: plasma cell leukaemia PE: pulmonary embolism PR: per rectum PV : : per vagina PV: plasma volume RAS: renal angiotensin system or renal artery stenosis RBBB: right bundle branch block RBCs: red blood cells RCC: red blood cell count Rh: Rhesus (monkey) RIF: right iliac fossa RUQ: right upper quadrant SC: subcutaneous SDH: subdural haemorrhage SOB: shortness of breath SM: smooth muscle SVC : superior vena cava SVCO: superior vena caval obstruction SXR: skull x-ray T°: temperature t1/2: half-life T4: thyroxine TA: temporal arteritis TB: tuberculosis TFT: thyroid function test TIAs: transient ischaemic attacks TPO: thyroid peroxidase TRAB: thyrotropin receptor antibodies TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone TT: thrombin time UC: ulcerative colitis U&E: urea and electrolytes UCE: : urea creatinine & electrolytes URTI: upper respiratory tract infection UTI: urinary tract infection USS: ultrasound scan VIII: C factor VIII clotting activity VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide Vit K: vitamin K VSD: ventricular septal defect WBC: :white blood cell TLC : : total leukocytes count FULL FORM OF COMMON MEDICAL WORDS CBC : : complete blood count

Common Signs and Symptoms. 1.Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB)—low-gradeafternoon fever. 2.Pneumonia—rust-colored sputum. 3.Asthma—wheezing on expiration. 4.Emphysema—barrel chest. 5.Kawasaki Syndrome—strawberry tongue. 6.Pernicious Anemia—red beefy tongue. 7.Down syndrome—protruding tongue. 8.Cholera—rice-watery stool and washer woman’s hands (wrinkled hands from dehydration). 9.Malaria—stepladder like fever with chills. 10.Typhoid—rose spots in the abdomen. 11.Dengue—fever,rash, and headache. Positive Herman’s sign. 12.Diphtheria—pseudomembrane formation. 14.Measles—Koplik’s spots (clustered white lesions on buccal mucosa). 15.Systemic Lupus Erythematosus—butterfly rash. 16.Leprosy—leonine facies (thickened folded facial skin). 17.Bulimia—chipmunk facies (parotid gland swelling). 18.Appendicitis—rebound tenderness at McBurney’s point. Rovsing’s sign (palpation of LLQ elicits pain in RLQ). Psoas sign (pain from flexing the thigh to the hip). 19.Meningitis—Kernig’s sign (stiffness of hamstrings causing inability to straighten the leg when the hip is flexed to 90 degrees), Brudzinski’s sign (forced flexion of the neck elicits a reflex flexion of the hips). 20.Tetany—hypocalcemia, [+] Trousseau’s sign; Chvostek sign. 21.Tetanus— Risus sardonicus or rictus grin. 22.Pancreatitis—Cullen’s sign (ecchymosis of the umbilicus), Grey Turner’s sign (bruising of the flank). 23.Pyloric Stenosis—olive like mass. 24.Patent Ductus Arteriosus—washing machine-like murmur. 25.Addison’s disease—bronzelike skin pigmentation. 26.Cushing’s syndrome—moon face appearance and buffalo hump. 27.Grave’s Disease (Hyperthyroidism)—Exophthalmos(bulging of the eye out of the orbit). 28.Intussusception—Sausage-shaped mass. 29.Multiple Sclerosis—Charcot’s Triad: nystagmus, intention tremor, and dysarthria. 30.Myasthenia Gravis—descending muscle weakness, ptosis (drooping of eyelids). 31.Guillain-Barre Syndrome—ascending muscles weakness. 32.Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)—Homan’s Sign. 33.Angina—crushing, stabbing pain relieved by NTG. 34.Myocardial Infarction (MI)—crushing, stabbing pain radiating to left shoulder, neck, and arms. Unrelieved by NTG. 35.Parkinson’s disease—pill-rolling tremors. 36.Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection—Owl’seye appearance of cells (huge nucleus in cells). 37.Glaucoma—tunnel vision. 38.Retinal Detachment—flashes of light, shadow with curtain across vision. 39.Basilar Skull Fracture—Raccoon eyes (periorbital ecchymosis) and Battle’s sign (mastoid ecchymosis). 40.Buerger’s Disease—intermittent claudication (pain at buttocks or legs from poor circulation resulting in impaired walking). 41.Diabetic Ketoacidosis—acetone breathe. 42.Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)—proteinuria, hypertension, edema. 43.Diabetes Mellitus—polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria. 44.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)—heartburn. 45.Hirschsprung’s Disease (Toxic Megacolon)—ribbon-like stool. 47.Sexual Transmitted Infections: 48.Herpes Simplex Type II—painful vesicles on genitalia 49.Genital Warts—warts 1-2 mm in diameter. 50.Syphilis—painless chancres. 51.Chancroid—painful chancres. 52.—green, creamy discharges and painful urination. 53.Chlamydia—milky discharge and painful urination. 54.Candidiasis—white cheesy odorless vaginal discharges. 55.Trichomoniasis—yellow, itchy, frothy, and foul-smelling vaginal discharges.

💥💥ALL IMPORTANT TESTS💥💥 1. Adom test - Scoliosis 2. Allen test - ABG Analysis 3. Aldehyde test - Leprosy 4. Phosphate test - Pasteurization 5. Patch test - Allergic Reaction 6. Tourniquet test - Dengue 7. Urea Breath test - H.Pylori 8. Schick test - Diphtheria 9. Dick test - Scarlet Fever 10. Rothers test - Acetone in Urine 11. Hey test - Bile Salt Urine 12. Smith test - Bile Pigment Urine 13. Benedict test - Urine Glucose 14. Kveim test - Sarcoidosis 15. Rinne & Webber test - Hearing 16. Direct Coomb test - Hemolytic Anemia 17. Ischiara test - Color Vision test 18. Snellen Chart test - Distance Vision 19. Confrontation test - Central and Peripheral Vision 20. Jegar's type Card test - Near Vision 22. Schiling test - Vitamin B12 Absorption 23. Histamine test - Leprosy 24. Roller Over test - Pre-Eclampsia 25. Fern Test or Nitrizine test - leakage of Amniotic fluid 26. VDRL test - Syphilis 27.VMA (Vanellyl Mandelic Acid) - Pheochromocytoma 28. Glucose Tolerance test - Diabetes Mellitus 29. Glycosylated Hemoglobin /Hb1AC test - Diabetes Mellitus 30. Water Deprivation test - Diabetes Insipidus 31. Treadmill / Stress test - Heart Function 32. Triple test - Down Syndrome 33. D-Dimer test - Measuring Clot formation (DVT, PE, DIC) 34. Trendelenburg test - VericoseVein 35. Phallen / Tinnel test -Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 36. Gold QuntiFeron test -Tuberculosis 37. Bangle Test - Protein Energy Malnutrition 38. Tensilon test -Myasthenia Gravis 39. Romberg test -Neurological Function / Balance or Gait 40. Knee Kiss test -Meningitis in Children 41. Tzank test - Herpes Genital or Vericella 42. Frie test -Lymphogranuloma inguinale 43. Widal test - Typhoid (on2ndweek) 44. Weilfelix test - Typhoidfever 45. Bonny test / Marshall test - Stress Incontinence 46. Binnet test - Intelligence Quotient 47. Sweat Chloride test - Cystic fibrosis 48. Hanging Drop test - Cholera 49. Paul Bunnel test - Epstien Barr Virus 50. Shake test / Bubble test - Surfactant and Fetal Lungs Maturity 51. Rubin test - Patency of Fallopian Tube 52. Tape test - Pin Worm 53. Ortho Tolidin test - Check Chlorine in Water 54. Dexa Scan - Bone Metabolic Disease (eg.Osteoporosis) 55. Heel to Shin test - Body Coordination Test 56. Halo test - CSF Leakage 57. Dexamethasone Suppression test - ACTH or Pituitary / Adrenal Gland Tumor 58. Arthrocentesis - Joint Inflammation and Infection 59. Holter Monitoring - 24 Hours ECG Monitoring in Dysarhythmia 60. Pulmonary Function test - Measure Lung Volume and Capacity (By-Spirometer) 61. SGOT & SGPT (AST/ALT) - Liver Function Test 62. PAP’s Smear - Cancer of Cervix 63. Creatinine Clearance test - Estimation of GFR 64. Wood's Light Examination - Superficial Infection of Skin 65. Burrow Ink test - Scabies / The Itch 66. Braden Scale - To Measure integrity of Bed Sore. https://t.me/Bscnursing👍🏻👍🏻

Common Nerve Injuries ⌚ *Wrist drop – Radial nerve* 👠 *Foot drop – Either common peroneal nerve or sciatic nerve* ✊🏻 *Claw hand – Ulnar nerve* 🤞 *Paraesthesia of thumb, index and middle finger – Median nerve* 💪 *Numbness on superior aspect of upper arm just below shoulder joint – Axillary nerve* 👢 *Fibular neck fracture – Common peroneal nerve* 🦵 *Femur neck fracture or Acetabular fractures – Sciatic nerve* 🤰 *Fracture of humeral shaft – Likely Radial nerve* 🤰🏾 *Fracture of humeral Neck – Likely Axillary nerve* 🏓 *Monteggia fracture – Radial nerve* 🧤 *Paraesthesia and impaired sensation in both hands (glove distribution) – Peripheral neuropathy*

𝗦𝗢𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗬 > *Rx* = Treatment > *Hx* = History > *Dx* = Diagnosis > *q* = Every > *qd* = Every day > *qod* = Every other day > *qh* = Every Hour > *S* = without > *SS* = One & half > *C* = With > *SOS* = If needed > *AC* = Before Meals > *PC* = After meals > *BID* = Twice a Day > *TID* = Thrice a Day > *QID* = Four times a day > *OD* = Once a Day > *BT* = Bed Time > *hs* = Bed Time > *BBF* = Before Breakfast > *BD* = Before Dinner > *Tw* = Twice a week > *SQ* = sub cutaneous > *IM* = Intramuscular > *ID* = Intradermal > *IV* = Intravenous @Bscnursing

😊 👇🏻 JUST READ IT👇🏻 📄 1. Most common aortic branch involved in Takayasu arteritis : Left subclavian 2. Most common cause of respiratory distress in newborn : Transient tachypnea of the newborn 3. Most common location to see Asbestosis sequale : Posterior lower lobes. 4. Most common karyotype / chromosomal abnormality in USA : Down’s syndrome 5. Most common osseous lymphoma, primary and secondary : Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 6. Most common primary malignant orbital tumor in childhood : Rhabdomyosarcoma 7. Most common type of fluid collection in scrotum : Hydrocele 8. Most common type of liposarcoma to affect children : Myxoid liposarcoma 9. Most common abdominal emergency of early childhood : Intussusception. 10. Most common acetabular fracture : Posterior acetabulum. 11. Most common affected bowel segment in TB : Ileocecal area. 12. Most common affected joint in gout : First MTP. 13. Most common AIDS-related neoplasm : Kaposi Sarcoma 14. Most common allergic aspergillosis syndrome : Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. 15. Most common anatomic variant of pancreas : Pancreas divisum 16. Most common anomalous course of RCA : Interarterial 17. Most common appearance of Legionella at the peak of the disease : Bilateral airspace consolidation. 18. Most common assoc. w/ Fx of great toe distal phalanx with physeal involvement :Osteomyelitis. 19. Most common associated anomaly with coarctation : Bicuspid valve. 20. Most common association of PAPVR : Sinus venosus type ASD. 21. Most common association with small left colon syndrome : Maternal DM 22. Most common bacterial cause of mesenteric adenitis : Yersinia enterocolitica. 23. Most common benign cardiac rhythm abnormality : PAC 24. Most common benign cartilage-conta ining tumor : Osteochondroma 25. Most common benign growth of the skeleton : Osteochondroma @bscnursing 26. Most common benign hepatic lesion : Hemangioma 27. Most common benign hepatic tumor during fist 6 mo. of life : Infantile Hemangioendothelioma 28. Most common benign intraconal tumor of the orbit in adults : Cavernous hemangiomas. 29. Most common benign masses caused by asbestos exposure : Atelectatic Asbestos Pseudotumor 30. Most common benign mesenchymal tumor of kidney : AML 31. Most common benign mucosal tumor of the esophagus : Papilloma 32. Most common benign nasopharyngeal tumor : Juvenile angiofibroma. 33. Most common benign orbital tumor in childhood : Dermoid Cyst of Orbit 34. Most common benign ovarian neoplasm in young and middle-aged women (<45 years) :Mature teratoma 35. Most common benign radiation-induced tumor of the musculoskeletal system : Osteochondroma 36. Most common benign rib lesion in an adult : Fibrous dysplasia. 37. Most common benign soft-tissue tumor of the foot : Plantar fibromatosis 38. Most common benign soft-tissue tumor of vascular origin : Hemangioma 39. Most common benign solid tumor in women of childbearing age : Fibroadenoma 40. Most common benign testicular mass : Simple cyst 41. Most common benign tumor of spleen : Hemangioma 42. Most common benign tumor of the larynx : Squamous papilloma 43. Most common benign tumor of the lung : Hamartoma 44. Most common benign tumor of the small bowel : GIST 45. Most common benign vascular gastric tumor : Glomus tumor of stomach. 46. Most common bilateral testicular tumor : Lymphoma 47. Most common biliary complication s/p lap. cholecystectomy : Bile duct leak from cystic duct stump. 48. Most common biliary complication s/p liver transplantation : Obstruction/stenosis at anastomosis. 49. Most common bladder neoplasm in children younger than 10 years : Rhabdomyosarcoma 50. Most common bone to develop an osteochondroma : Femur (tibia second most common)