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ملاحظة / جواب هذه النقطة هو Cost utility وليس QALY

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Q. What are the two main types of errors in clinical studies? a) Systematic error and observational error b) Random error and observational error c) Systematic error and random error d) Systematic error and measurement error Answer: c) Systematic error and random error Q. According to Chalmers, what are the three important categories of bias in clinical studies? a) Selection bias at study entry, retrospective bias, and outcome bias b) Selection bias at study entry, selection bias after study entry, and outcome bias c) Selection bias at study entry, sampling bias, and measurement bias d) Selection bias at study entry, measurement bias, and publication bias Answer: b) Selection bias at study entry, selection bias after study entry, and outcome bias Q. How can the obscuring of the true result due to random error be lessened? a) By reducing the sample size b) By increasing the variability in the sample c) By increasing the sample size d) By increasing the systematic error Answer: c) By increasing the sample size Q. What is the term used for the statistical pooling of data from several studies? a) Literature analysis b) Meta-analysis c) Systematic review d) Observational studies Answer: b) Meta-analysis Q What is the principal source of error in clinical studies caused by nonrandom variability? a) Systematic error b) Measurement error c) Sampling bias d) Random error Answer: a) Systematic error

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