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📢 Attention UPSC Aspirants! 📢 Join us for an enlightening session on "TOPPERS TALK" & Understand the New Ways to Prepare for UPSC Prelims 🗓 Sunday, 21 April 2024 ⏰ 7 PM IST https://lu.ma/cse2024 Secure your spot in the front row!

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UPSC PRELIMS POSTPONED TO 16 JUNE 2024 https://x.com/deepanshus27/status/1770079032253751785?s=46&t=TMtnA01xMV3pDCYPhU3bvw

Important for Environment- UPSC #PRELIMS Golden Langur Survey I. Estimated Population of Golden Langurs in India: The latest survey revealed that there are approximately 7,396 golden langurs in India. The survey was conducted by several organizations, including the Primate Research Centre NE India (PRCNE), Assam Forest Department, Bodo-land Territorial Council, and Conservation Himalayas. II. Distribution Range: The golden langur's distribution range covers the Manas Biosphere Reserve and fragmented forests in the western part of Assam. The first phase of the survey focused on the western part of the Manas Biosphere Reserve, while the second phase assessed fragmented forest habitats in Bongaigaon, Kokrajhar, and Dhubri districts. III. Population Estimation Method: The block count method was used for the first time to assess the abundance, spatial distribution, and densities of golden langur populations. Ten teams surveyed the counting blocks, which were overlaid with 50-hectare grid cells. IV. Golden Langur Population Subdivisions: The survey estimated two major sub-populations of golden langurs. The northern extended population, which includes the western part of the Manas Biosphere Reserve, was estimated at 5,566 individuals. The southern fragmented population was estimated at 1,830 individuals. The northern population was found to be more significant, with 2,847 individuals residing in Ripu Reserve Forest and 838 individuals in Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary. The southern population faced an unstable situation due to the absence of non-breeding all-male bands. To mitigate potential threats to golden langurs, the primatologists recommended corridor linkages through plantations and canopy bridges.

Important Current Affairs- New Toll collection system important for Prelims ** New Highway Tolling System and Its Working The Indian government is planning to implement a new highway toll collection system using the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) before the model code of conduct for the 2024 election. This system will involve an On-Board Unit (OBU) or a tracking device fitted inside a vehicle, which uses GAGAN, the Indian satellite navigation system, to map the vehicle's location and calculate toll rates based on the distance travelled. The system will also have gantries with CCTV cameras for enforcement purposes. ** Challenges in Implementing the New Tolling System One of the main challenges in implementing this technology is recovering toll amounts if a road user fails to pay after completing a journey. With no barriers involved, there are also issues such as vehicles travelling without an OBU or with the device switched off to avoid payment. To address these challenges, the government plans to set up Automatic Number-Plate Recognition (ANPR)-based systems and amend the National Highways Fee (Determination of Rates and Collection) Rules. ** Privacy Concerns and Safeguards The government has stated that it will use the GAGAN satellite system instead of GPS to ensure data security within the country. They also plan to address privacy concerns through the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. ** Co-existence of New Tolling System and FASTags The new tolling system will co-exist with the FASTag-based toll collection system, as the government has not yet decided whether to make OBUs mandatory for all vehicles or only for new vehicles. The FASTag system, which was rolled out in 2016 and made mandatory in 2021, has significantly increased toll collection and compliance. However, the satellite-based toll collection system involves lower operational costs due to the absence of toll plazas and fewer entities in the toll collection process.

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GSLV ‘NAUGHTY BOY’ #UPSC Science and Tech 1. GSLV Rocket: The "Naughty Boy" of ISRO * GSLV rocket has had a patchy track record with four failed flights out of 15 * Described as "naughty boy" due to its unreliable performance * Latest failure was in August 2021, when it failed to carry an earth observation satellite into space 2. The Cryogenic Engine Problem * Cryogenic engine is the main issue with GSLV rocket * Uses liquid hydrogen as fuel, which is difficult to handle at very low temperatures * ISRO has developed its own cryogenic engine, but it has not been successful in all launches 3. Comparison with PSLV and LVM3 * PSLV has failed only twice in 60 launches, while GSLV has failed four times in 15 launches * LVM3 has had seven successful flights without any trouble * GSLV is more powerful than PSLV and can carry heavier satellites, but its unreliability has been a concern 4. ISRO's Efforts to Improve GSLV * ISRO has been working to improve the GSLV rocket's performance * Has developed an indigenously designed cryogenic engine for LVM3, which has been successful in all flights * The latest launch of INSAT-3DS satellite was a flawless flight, indicating progress in GSLV's development. The article also highlights the reason for GSLV's failures, which is related to its cryogenic engine that powers the third and final stage of the flight. The engine uses liquid hydrogen as the main fuel, which is difficult to handle in its natural gaseous form, but manageable in liquid state. However, it liquifies only at very low temperatures, nearly 250 degrees Celsius below zero. The oxygen that is needed to burn this fuel also needs to be in liquid form, and it is in a liquid state at about 90 degrees Celsius below zero.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS #UPSC 1. Senegal's Constitutional Crisis: President Sall Postpones Elections * President Maky Sall postponed the upcoming Presidential elections, citing a dispute between the National Assembly and the Constitutional Council. * The opposition has criticized the move as a "constitutional coup d'état" and a break with Senegal's democratic tradition. 2. Background to the Current Crisis * The crisis began with the imprisonment of leading opposition candidate Ousmane Sonko, who was barred from the Presidential race. * Protests erupted in 2021, leading to the death of one protester and the injury of hundreds more. * The Constitutional Council has been criticized for its role in the crisis. 3. Senegal's Democratic Record: A Beacon of Democracy in West Africa? * Senegal has been viewed as a beacon of democracy in West Africa, with a history of peaceful transitions of power. * President Sall has played a key role in promoting democracy in the region, particularly in the Gambia and Guinea. * However, the current crisis raises questions about the stability of Senegal's democracy. 4. Regional Implications: The Return of Military Dictatorships in West Africa? * The crisis in Senegal comes at a time when several West African countries are under military rule, including Guinea, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. * The return of military dictatorships in the region is a serious regression after the heroic liberation struggles of the 1960s. * The big powers must reconsider their traditional role in the region as a whole.

IMPORTANT FOR ENVIRONMENT #PRELIMS 1. What are IPCC's assessment reports? * The IPCC produces assessment reports every 6 years to provide scientific advice to governments on climate change. * The reports examine the science, consequences, adaptation, and vulnerability of climate change, as well as mitigation strategies. 2. What do these reports aim to do? * The reports provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on climate change and its impacts. * They aim to inform decision-making by governments and other stakeholders on climate change policies and actions. 3. What is the timeline for the seventh assessment report (AR7)? * The IPCC has initiated its seventh cycle (AR7) and has elected an IPCC bureau. * The bureau has decided to produce full assessment and synthesis reports, methodology reports, and a special report. * The timeline for the reports is not yet finalized, but member countries have requested that the reports be ready by 2028 to coincide with the global stocktake. 4. What topics will be covered in AR7? * The AR7 cycle will cover a range of topics, including short-lived climate forcers, carbon removal, and climate change and cities. * The special report will focus on climate change and cities. * The methodology reports will cover short-lived climate forcers and carbon removal.

🔴Some Important points from this article to take note of- 1. 23 crops are covered under the Minimum Support Price (MSP) scheme in India. 2. The MSP scheme has been in existence for more than five decades. 3. The government announces MSP for these crops before the sowing season every year. 4. Only two major crops, rice and wheat, are covered under the MSP scheme, and occasionally pulses and other crops. 5. The cost of procuring rice and wheat is not the cost of the MSP programme for these crops. 6. The government has not legalized the MSP mechanism despite political consensus. 7. The cost of the MSP guarantee for rice and wheat is unfairly treated as the cost of the entire MSP programme. 8. The government only procures a fraction of the marketable surplus of agricultural produce. 9. In the last two years, the government procured only 19 million tonnes and 26 million tonnes of wheat against a target of 44 million tonnes and 35 million tonnes, respectively. 10. The government's procurement of rice and wheat is not a cost unless it sells them with a subsidy. 11. The cost for the government is only the difference between the economic cost of procured grain and the issue price. 12. The government can also make a profit by selling the procured produce at a minimal mark-up in the domestic and international markets when market prices are higher. 13. The MSP may not solve the farmers' problems, but it offers a good opportunity to rectify the imbalances in the MSP and procurement system. 14. Procurement today is restricted to certain geographical locations and limited to rice and wheat, and a regionally diversified and expanded MSP to cover a larger basket of crops is necessary to bridge the regional imbalances in agricultural productivity. 15. The anger of farmers and the demand for a reform of the MSP system reflects years of neglect of the agricultural economy, which has seen declining real incomes and real wages.

🔥IMPORTANT FOR GS-3 ECONOMY #QNA CURRENT AFFAIRS FOR UPSC BY DEEPANSHU SIR I. The MSP Fallacy * The cost of legal guarantee to protect farmer incomes and consumer interests has been greatly exaggerated * The belief that a guarantee to implement MSP would mean that the government will have to procure all agricultural produce is a fallacy II. Cost of MSP Procurement * The cost of procurring rice and wheat is not the cost of the MSP program for rice and wheat * Almost all of the cost of procurement is a subsidy to consumers and not to farmers III. Benefits of MSP Guarantee * A guaranteed MSP may not solve farmers' problems, but it offers a good opportunity to rectify imbalances in the MSP and procurement system * Procurement today is restricted to certain geographical locations and limited to rice and wheat, a regionally diversified and expanded MSP is necessary to bridge regional imbalances in agricultural productivity IV. Benefits of Price Stability * Price stability will protect the average consumer from the vagaries of inflation * Protecting the income of farmers will also help revive the rural economy.