Precise ENT

For anyone who wants to study or review ENT, go to this message where the start of information and questions. All the best❤️

For anyone who wants to study or review ENT, go to this message where the start of information and questions. All the best❤️

Laryngomalacia. •Is a congenital softening of the tissues of the larynx above the vocal cords. •The laryngeal structure is malformed and floppy, causing the tissues to fall over the airway opening and partially block it. •The exact cause of laryngomalacia is not known. •Relaxation or a lack of muscle tone in the upper airway may be a factor. •Gastroesophageal reflux may contribute to the severity of the symptoms. •The noisy breathing is often worse when the infant is on his back or when crying. 🖇 Signs and symptoms. •If your child is born with laryngomalacia, symptoms may be present at birth and can become more obvious within the first few weeks of life. 📍It is not uncommon for the noisy breathing to get worse before it improves. •Symptoms include:- √Noisy breathing (stridor). √High pitched sound. √Difficulty feeding. √Poor weight gain. √Choking while feeding. √Apnea (breathing stoppage). √Pulling in neck and chest with each breath. √Cyanosis (turning blue). √Gastroesophageal reflux. √Aspiration. 🖇Diagnosis. •Your doctor will ask you some questions about your baby’s health problems and may recommend a test called a nasopharyngolaryngoscopy (NPL) to further evaluate your baby’s condition. •If laryngomalacia is diagnosed, the doctor may want to do other diagnostic tests to evaluate the extent of your child’s problems and to see whether the lower airway is affected.These tests may include:- √X-ray of the neck. √Airway fluoroscopy. √Microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (MLB). √Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and pH probe. √Functional endoscopic evaluation of the swallow (FEES). 🖇Treatment. •In 90 percent of cases, laryngomalacia resolves without treatment. •However, if the laryngomalacia is severe, your child’s treatment may include medication or surgery. 💡Medication. •Your child’s doctor may prescribe an anti-reflux medication to help manageGERD. 📍This is important because your child’s chronic neck and chest retractions from the laryngomalacia can worsen reflux. 📍Also, the acid reflux can cause swelling above the vocal cords and worsen the noisy breathing. 💡Laryngomalacia surgery. •A surgery called supraglottoplasty is the treatment of choice if your child's condition is severe. 🔏Symptoms that signal the need for laryngomalacia surgery include:- √Life-threatening apneas (stoppages of breathing). √Significant blue spells. √Failure to gain weight with feeding. √Significant chest and neck retractions. √Need for extra oxygen to breathe. √Heart or lung issues related to your child's inability to get enough oxygen. 🔏This surgery may not completely eliminate the noisy breathing😔, but it should help to😍:- √Reduce the severity of the symptoms. √Lessen the apneas (breathing stoppages). √Reduce the extra oxygen requirements. √Improve swallowing. √Help your child gain weight. 📌The safety of your child's swallow should be reevaluated after the surgical procedure.

1/Rose's position. 2/Dissection and Diathermy methods. 3/ -child below 3 years of age. -during polio epidemics. -during acute attack or acute RTI. -anemia. -bleeding disorders. -uncontrolled systemic diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension.

1/ -simple or C shaped. -sigmoid or S shaped. -spur. -thickening. -anterior caudal dislocation. 2/SMR. 3/Nasal obstruction. 4/When air passes through a constriction there is creation of negative pressure distal to constriction, called Bernoulli's phenomenon.

1/Foreign body ( coin ) in the esophagus. 2/Cricopharynx. 3/ -cricopharynx. -at the level of arch of aorta and left bronchus. -at the level where it pierces diaphragm.

1/Bronchoscope. 2/ -Rigid endoscope. -Flexible endoscope. 3/ -injury to teeth, lips. -laryngeal edema. -hemorrhage from the biopsy site. -hypoxia & cardiac arrest.

1/Direct laryngoscope. 2/ 📍Diagnostic indications: -Biopsy of suspected malignancy in larynx and pyriform fossa. -Examination of hidden areas: anterior commissure, laryngeal ventricle, subglottis , Infrahyoid epiglottis, pyriform fossa apex. -Unsuccessful indirect laryngoscopy. 📍Therapeutic indications. -Foreign body removal from larynx and pyriform fossa. -Excision biopsy of benign laryngeal lesion. -Dilatation of laryngeal stricture. 3/Injury or the diseases of the cervical spine.

Answers and explanations will be sent later, take your time to think❤️

1.Which position is recommended for tonsillectomy? 2.Name the two most widely used method. 3.What is the most common cause for secondary hemorrhage? 4.Give various contraindications of tonsilectomy.

1.Name various types of DNS. 2.Name the two most common surgical procedures for DNS. 3.Name the most common complaint in the patient with DNS. 4.Define Bernoulli's phenomenon.

1.What is your probable diagnosis? 2.Name the commonest site for F.B impaction in the digestive tract. 3.What three constrictions of esophagus ?

1.What is the ideal position of the patient for using above instrument ? 2.Name various types of endoscope. 3.Give complications after using the instrument.

1.Identify the instrument. 2.Give various diagnostic indications. 3.Name any one contraindication for the above instrument.