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Q.संविधान (71वां संशोधन) अधिनियम, 1992 संविधान की आठवीं अनुसूची में निम्नलिखित में से किस भाषा को शामिल करने के लिए संशोधन करता है? 1.कोंकणी 2.मणिपुरी 3.नेपाली 4.मैथिली नीचे दिए गए कोड का उपयोग करके सही उत्तर चुनें: (ए) 1, 2 और 3 (बी) 1, 2 और 4 (सी) 1, 3 और 4 (घ) 2, 3 और 4 UPSC 2024

Abhilash Thapliyal: कल से 18वीं लोकसभा के पहले सत्र की शुरुआत हो रही है. सुबह 11 बजे लोकसभा की कार्यवाही शुरू होने पर सबसे पहले प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी और उनकी कैबिनेट में शामिल मंत्री बतौर सांसद शपथ लेंगे. प्रोटेम स्पीकर भर्तृहरि महताब उन्हें शपथ दिलाएंगे. इसके बाद नवनिर्वाचित सांसदों को शपथ दिलायी जाएगी. पीएम मोदी के बाद राजनाथ सिंह, अमित शाह और नितिन गड़करी शपथ ग्रहण करेंगे. उसके बाद मंत्री परिषद के अन्य सदस्य सांसद के रूप में शपथ लेंगे. Abhilash Thapliyal: क्या होता है *प्रोटेम स्पीकर* का पद, कौन करता है नियुक्ति? *Protem Speaker* भाजपा सांसद *भर्तृहरि महताब* को 18वीं लोकसभा का प्रोटेम स्पीकर नियुक्त किया गया है। यह नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति द्रौपदी मुर्मु (President) ने की है। *भर्तहरि महताब* ओडिशा के कटक से सांसद हैं। वे यहां से सात बार लोकसभा चुनाव जीत चुके हैं। *कब होती है प्रोटेम स्पीकर की नियुक्ति* *?* नई लोकसभा के गठन होने के बाद और लोकसभा अध्यक्ष के चयन से पहले प्रोटेम स्पीकर की नियुक्ति की जाती है। संसदीय परंपरा के अनुसार प्रोटेम स्पीकर की नियुक्ति में सबसे वरिष्ठ लोकसभा सदस्य को तरजीह दी जाती है। वरिष्ठ सांसद सत्ता पक्ष या विपक्ष किसी का भी हो सकता है। इसके बाद सत्तारूढ़ दल संसदीय मामलों के मंत्रालय के जरिए प्रोटेम स्पीकर का नाम राष्ट्रपति को भेजता है। *प्रोटेम स्पीकर दिलाते हैं सांसदों को शपथ* राष्ट्रपति ही प्रोटेम स्पीकर की नियुक्ति करते हैं। इसके बाद प्रोटेम स्पीकर की अध्यक्षता में सभी लोकसभा सदस्य शपथ ग्रहण करते हैं। सभी सदस्यों के शपथ ग्रहण के बाद लोकसभा अध्यक्ष का चुनाव होता है। बता दें कि देश में आजादी से अभी तक लोकसभा अध्यक्षों का चयन सर्वसम्मति से होता आया है। लोकसभा की पहली बैठक की अध्यक्षता प्रोटेम स्पीकर करता है।

Last and most brutal attack was done by Turkish invader Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1193AD The attack was so fatal that after this invasion nobody could build the Nalanda university again. Reason for Invasion by Bakhtiyar Khilji was that Some people proposed to Khilji that he can take the help of Rahul Sri Bhadra who was the principal/teacher of Nalanda University at that time to improve his health condition. Rahul Sri Bhadra successfully treated him. Khilji felt very insecure and decided to eradicate all the knowledge of Ayurveda because he was troubled by the idea that an Indian scholar knew more than his hakims. As the only intention of Bakhtiyar Khilji was to destroy the richest source of knowledge, he first attacked the library of Nalanda. He put fire in the libraries that contained around 90 lakhs of books at that time. Minhaj Siraj mentions in tabakat-I-Nasir that it took 3 months to burn down all the books. Bakhtiyar Khilji not only destroyed the structure but also, killed many of the monks and scholars . As this destruction was so fatal, no other emperor was able to rebuild it. Hence the flow of knowledge of Nalanda came to an end.

Tibetan scholar Taranatha has written in his travelogues that there were more than 9 million manuscripts and the dharma gunj/library was a 9 storey building. Furthermore, it was divided into three buildings 1 Ratnasagara (Sea of Jewels), 2 Ratnodadhi (Ocean of Jewel) 3 Ratnaranjanka It is said that Nalanda had Upanishads in original writings. Also, some Sanskrit books like Astasahasrika, Prajnaparamita, etc. were destroyed by the invasions. Total three times there was invansion on nalanda The first attack took place in 5 th cen henw Samudragupta was the emperor of the Gupta Empire. This attack was done by the Hunas- a central Asian tribal group.Hunas looted all of the economical sources present in the university.The second attack in Nalanda happened during the early 7th century. This attack was done by the emperor of Bengal, Goudas Rajvansh. The main reason behind this attack was the political imbalance.

More than 500 years before Oxford University was founded, India’s Nalanda University was home to nine million books and attracted 10,000 students from around the world. ‘Nalanda’ is a syntax of ‘Nalam’ ie the lotus of wisdom and ‘Da’ ie the deliverer. True to its name, the fourth century Nalanda Mahavihara was the first major residential university in the world. After flourishing and disseminating world-class education for more than 600 years, It is attributed to the Buddhist king Kumaragupta I, who established it as a centre of learning and spirituality. It was in ancient kingdom of Magadha (bihar) Nalanda University was an architectural marvel, spread over vast area with multiple monasteries(viharas), libraries, stupas and temples, lecture halls, courtyards, and residential buildings for students and teachers It had a peaceful and conducive environment for learning and contemplation. . The architecture of Nalanda University blended elements of Buddhist, Gupta, and Pala architectural styles.The structures were built using bricks and stone, with some structures adorned with elaborate terracotta work. The chief sources for Nalanda are the writings of Xuanzang and Yijing, who spent 2-3 years and 10 years A large number of students had come to study from China, Mongolia, Tibet, Korea, and other Asian countries.The center of learning provided a mixture of courses in medicine, arts, philosophies, and religious studies; the list included specialties in literature, astrology, psychology, law, astronomy history, mathematics, economics, and medical science The most impressive and talked about building in the lost history of this university is its library. It was known as Dharma Gunj (Mountain of Truth).

Important for UPSC and state PCS.

The Tiladi massacre had followed a massive satyagraha held on May 30, 1930 against the forestry policies of the Tehri Garhwal princely state. While the Maharaja of Tehri was in Europe at the time, his prime minister Chakradhar Juyal crushed the protest in a way similar to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Soldiers shot down unarmed people, including women and children. According to official records, 18 people died in the accident but it is believed that the death toll was much higher.

उत्तराखंड में जंगलों से जुड़े अपने हक हकूकों की रक्षा के लिए 94 साल पहले एक आंदोलन हुआ था. लेकिन उस आंदोलन के दमन को याद कर आज भी सिहरन पैदा हो जाती है. 30 मई 1930 को टिहरी रियासत के अधिकारियों ने तिलाड़ी के मैदान में अपने हक हकूकों को लेकर पंचायत कर रहे सैकड़ों ग्रामीणों को गोलियों से भून डाला था. गोलियों से बचने के लिए भागे कई ग्रामीण यमुना नदी में बह गए थे. तिलाड़ी कांड को रवाईं ढंडक और गढ़वाल का जलियांवाला बाग कांड के नाम से भी जाना जाता है. Tilari massacre, Uttarakhand

The most famous of these are the Three Great Bodhisattvas, who each represent one of the most important aspects of Buddha qualities: Wisdom, represented by Manjushri, Compassion, represented by Avalokiteshvara (Chenrezig) and Power represented by Vajrapani. Yet the remaining five are key aspects of Enlightenment. Together, the eight, represent qualities we desperately need in our tumultuous world. Sutras of the Various Bodhisattvas Where do we find these Bodhisattvas in the Sutras? Eight Great Bodhisattvas: – Akashagarbha: Womb of Space Sutra – Avalokiteshvara: Heart Sutra, Lotus of the Good Law Sutra – Kshitigarbha: Earth Store Sutra – Maitreya: mentioned in the Pali Sutras as the next buddha, Mahayana Sutras – Manjushri: Vimalakirti-nirdesha Sutra, Flower Garland Sutra, Prajnaparamita Sutras – Samantabhadra: Lotus of the Good Law Sutra, Flower Garland Sutra – Vajrapani: Many early Pali Sutras The full list of the eight are: Manjushri — embodies Buddha’s wisdom (prajna) Avalokiteshvara — embodies Buddha’s compassion (Karuna) Vajrapani — embodies Buddha’s power Maitreya — embodies Buddha’s activity (He is also the “Future Buddha”) Kshitigarbha — embodies Buddha’s merits and the “richness” derived from merits Samantabhadra — embodies the aspirations of Buddha and the practice of prayers and offerings. Sarvanivarana-Vishkambhin — embodies Buddha’s qualities and thereby purifies obstructions Akashagarbha — embodies Buddha’s blessings and thereby purifies negativities.