Basic Electronics

Inverting Op-Amp The open loop gain(Ao) of the Om-Apm is very high which makes it very unstable, so to make it stable with a controlable gain, a feed back is applied through some external resistor(Rf) from its output to inverting input terminal(i.e.,also known as negative feedback) resulting in reduced gain(closed loop gain, Av). So the voltage at inverting terminal is now the sum of the actual input and feedback voltages, and to separate both a input resistor(Ri) is introduced in the circuit. The non inverting terminal of the opamp is grounded, and the inverting terminal behaves like a virtual ground as the junction of the input and feedback signal are at the same potential. @BasicElectronics

Op-Amp(Operational Amplifier) Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear elcectronic device having three terminals, two high impedence input and one output terminal Op-Amp can perform multiple function when attached to diffrent feedback combinations like resistive, capacitive or both. Generally it is used as voltage amplifier and the output voltage of the Op-Amp is the diffrence between the voltages at its two input terminals. Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal amplifier, its open loop gain and input impedance is infinite (i.e.,practically very high), Output impedance and offset voltage is zero(i.e.,practically very low) and bandwidth is infinite(i.e.,practically limitted to frequency where its gain become unity). @BasicElectronics

Rectification A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers are essentially of two types – a half wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier. @BasicElectronics

Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor A bipolar junction transistor, BJT, is a single piece of silicon with two back-to-back P-N junctions.BJTs can be made either as PNP or as NPN. They have three regions and three terminals, emitter, base, and collector represented by E, B, and C respectively. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the current in the emitter when the transistor is conducting normally. An easy way to remember this is NPN stands for "Not Pointing iN". @BasicElectronics

Zener Diode A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above the breakdown voltage or ‘zener’ voltage. Zener diodes are designed so that their breakdown voltage is much lower - for example just 2.4 Volts. @BasicElectronics

Structure of P-N junction diode The diode is a device formed from a junction of n-type and p-type semiconductor material. The lead connected to the p-type material is called the anode and the lead connected to the n-type material is the cathode. In general, the cathode of a diode is marked by a solid line on the diode. @BasicElectronics

Microcontroller Unit (MCU) A microcontroller contains a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and several peripherals all integrated on to a single chip of silicon. It is a highly integrated computer chip designed to pretty much stand on its own without the need for external support chips A microcontroller excels at interfacing with the external world via sensors, switches, lights, transducers, relays, motors, etc. Whereas, microprocessors excel at processing massive amounts of data very quickly Arduino is family of development kits based on 8-bit microcontrollers from Atmel. An 8-bit microcontroller is sufficient for fairly simple applications @BasicElectronics

Crystal A crystal is a piece of quartz that operates on a physical principle known as the piezoelectric effect. When you squeeze a piece of quartz it electrically oscillates at a very precise frequency dependent on the mechanical pressure applied Both microcontrollers and microprocessors require highly precise timing in order to function. This is the purpose of a quartz crystal. @BasicElectronics

Electrical filter:

It is a circuit designed to reject all unwanted frequency components of an electrical signal and allows only desired frequencies. In simple it  is a circuit which allows only a certain band of frequencies.

Applications :

Audio equalizers and in sensitive electronic devices whose input signals should be conditional. 

These are mainly categorized into 2 types. They are : Active filters and passive filters. @BasicElectronics

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What Is A Circuit? An electronic circuit is a circular path of conductors by which electric current can flow. A closed circuit is like a circle because it starts and ends at the same point forming a complete loop. Furthermore, a closed circuit allows electricity to flow from the (+) power to the (-) ground uninterrupted. In contrast, if there is any break in the flow of electricity, this is known as an open circuit. As shown below, a switch in a circuit can cause it to be open or closed depending on it’s position. @BasicElectronics

What exactly is Ohm's Law? Ohm's Law describes the way current flows through a material when different levels of voltage are applied. Some materials like electrical wires present little resistance to the current flow and this type of material is called a conductor. Hence if this conductor is placed directly across a battery for example, a lot of current would flow.

Ohm looked at the way current flowed in various materials and he was able to develop his law which we now call Ohm's Law.

Ohm's Law formula The Ohm's Law formula or equation is very straightforward. Ohm's law can be expressed in a mathematical form: V=IR Where: V = voltage expressed in Volts I = current expressed in Amps R = resistance expressed in Ohms @BasicElectronics

Ammeter The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the ammeter. The current is the flow of electrons whose unit is ampere. Hence the instrument which measures the flows of current in ampere is known as ampere meter or ammeter. The ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance. But practically the ammeter has small internal resistance. The measuring range of the ammeter depends on the value of resistance. The capital alphabet A represents the ammeter in the circuit. By the current, the ammeter categorises into two types. AC ammeter DC ammeter @BasicElectronics