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🚨 Incredible news! Believe it or not, first-year students at this college have built a Smart Robotic Wheelchair! 😎 Witness the journey of these young innovators as they bring new-age technology to life. 🔥 Here is an exclusive sneak peek! 👀 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3nP3pyS1lA

🔰 Kinetic Theory of Gases Notes 🌟 Share & React Below ❤️
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🔰 Kinetic Theory of Gases Notes 🌟 Share & React Below ❤️

Important Charts Of Organic Chemistry
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Important Charts Of Organic Chemistry

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🔻🔻 Plant Hormones 🔻🔻 🔻 These are chemical compounds released by stimulated cells. These chemical compounds help in growth and development of plants. 🔻 When growing plants detect light, a hormone called auxin, synthesised at the shoot tip, helps the cells to grow longer. When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot. 🔻This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend towards light. 🔻 Another example of plant. hormones is gibberellins which, like auxins, help in the growth of the stem. 🔻 Cytokinins promote cell division, and it is natural then that they are present in greater concentration in areas of rapid cell division, such as in fruits and seeds. These are examples of plant hormones that help in promoting growth. But plants also need signals to stop growing. 🔻Abscisic acid is one example of a hormone which inhibits growth. Its effects include wilting of leaves.

✅ List of Micronutrients ➖ Iron: It is essential for energy transfer, nitrogen reduction, and fixation. Iron, along with sulfur, acts as a catalyst in the formation of other reactions. Yellow leaves are the symptom of Iron deficiency. ➖ Chlorine: It is the nutrient which helps in osmosis and ionic balance. It also plays a key role in the process of photosynthesis. Decreased resistance, reduced plant growth are the symptoms of chlorine deficiency. ➖ Manganese: It is essential for photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. Premature leaf drop and delayed maturity are the symptoms of manganese deficiency. Manganese is abundant in wet soils, whereas dry soil has limited manganese. ➖ Boron: It helps in the formation and strengthening of the cell walls. It helps in cell division, germination of pollen, flowering, and fruiting. Lack of boron can lead to reduced production of grains and seeds. ➖ Zinc: It is an essential element which helps in photosynthesis, energy production and regulation of growth. Zinc deficiency may cause slower maturity and reduction in the size of the leaf. Zinc deficiencies often occur during the cold, wet spring season. ➖ Copper: It is essential for proper photosynthesis, grain production and to the strengthening of a cell wall. Stunted growth, yellow leaves are the symptoms of copper deficiency. There will not be enough copper in many soils. ➖ Molybdenum: It is responsible for pollen formation. It is also responsible for nitrogen fixation. Reduced fruit or grain growth are the symptoms of Molybdenum deficiency. Sandy soils in the humid region are the places where zinc deficiencies are found.

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Hormones and their Functions 1. Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH) Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis. 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion. 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Function ~ stimulates the production of of steroids by adrenal cortex. 4. Gonadotropic hormones (i) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Function ~ stimulates gamate, production, secration of sex hormones, development of follicles. (ii) interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) or luteinising  hormone (LH) Function ~ stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone. stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female. 5. Luteotropic hormone (LTH) or prolactin Function ~ stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of Corpus luteum. 6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone Function ~ controls dispersal of melanophores , in man it is doubtful. 7. Oxytocin Function ~ stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands ; causes contraction of uterus at the time of child birth. 8. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH (vasopressin) Function ~ stimulates the nephrons for reabsorption of water. Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles, blood vessels and causes rise in blood pressure. 9. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Function ~ control metabolism , regulate body temperature by calorigenic action. 10. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) Function ~ controls calcium (Ca++) level in blood, Check osteoporosis. 11. Parathormone Function ~ maintains proper level of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal action , thus , controlling calcium and phosphate amount in bones. 12. Insulin (from β cells) Function ~ stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Influences the storage and utilization of sugar , inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis stimulates glycogenesis. 13. Glucagon (from α cell) Function ~ influences the enzymatic action of phosphorylase , controlling glycogenolysis in tha liver and muscles ; increases the amount of sugar in blood. Antagonistic to insulin, inhibits glycogenesis. 14. Somatostatin(ss) Function ~ suppresses the release of hormones from the pancrease and digestive track. 15. Pancreatic polypeptide Function ~ inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancrease. 16. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Function ~ Regulates heart beat , blood pressure , sympathetic nervous system , contraction of involuntary muscles of lung , eyes , gut etc. , Production of blood , flow of saliva and sweat under emotional state. 17. Adrenocorticoids Function ~ regulate water and electrolyte balance, regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate development of male and female secondary sexual characters. 18. Testosterone (leydig's cells) Function ~ affects the normal development and functions of secondary sexual organs and characters in male. ~ stimulate formation of sperms. 19. Estrogen (graafian follicles) Function ~ Affects development and maintenance of secondary sexual characters in female. ~ stimulate maturation of ova. 20. Progesterone (Ovary and Corpus luteum ) Function ~ stimulates uterus for pregnancy, implantation and formation of placenta, also stimulates mammary glands. 21. Relaxin ( Corpus luteum ) Function ~ relaxes ligaments of pelvic girdle at the time of birth. 22. Human chorionic gonadotropin or  HCG (placenta) Function ~ pravints disintegration of the Corpus luteum and maintains progesterone  production. 23. Serotonin Function ~ Helps in vasoconstriction of blood vessels. 24. Melatonin Function ~ Reduces quantity of FSH and LH, Acts as anti gonadotropic hormone. 25. Thymosin Function ~ regulates growth, stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and also hastens sexual maturity.

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🔰 Motion In A Straight Line 🔰 Motion in a straight line refers to the movement of an object along a single direction, such as along a straight path or a straight line. In physics, motion in a straight line is studied under the branch of mechanics. The following concepts are important in the study of motion in a straight line: ➖ Distance: Distance is a scalar quantity that represents the length of the path covered by an object during its motion. It is represented by the symbol "d" and has units of meters (m). ➖ Displacement: Displacement is a vector quantity that represents the change in position of an object from its initial position. It is represented by the symbol "Δd" or "d". ➖ Velocity: Velocity is the rate of change of displacement and is also a vector quantity. It is represented by the symbol "v" and has units of meters per second (m/s). ➖ Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity and is also a vector quantity. It is represented by the symbol "a" and has units of meters per second squared (m/s^2). ➖ Motion Equations: Motion equations are mathematical relationships that describe the motion of an object in a straight line. These equations can be used to calculate unknown quantities such as velocity, acceleration, and displacement.

🔰 Motion In A Plane 🔰 Motion in a plane refers to the movement of an object in two dimensions, such as on a flat surface. In physics, motion in a plane is studied under the branch of mechanics. The following concepts are important in the study of motion in a plane: ➖ Displacement: The change in position of an object from its initial position is referred to as displacement. It is a vector quantity and is represented by the symbol "d". ➖ Velocity: Velocity is the rate of change of displacement and is also a vector quantity. It is represented by the symbol "v" and has units of meters per second (m/s). ➖ Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity and is also a vector quantity. It is represented by the symbol "a" and has units of meters per second squared (m/s^2). ➖ Kinematic Equations: Kinematic equations are mathematical relationships that describe the motion of an object in a plane. These equations can be used to calculate unknown quantities such as velocity, acceleration, and displacement. ➖ Projectile Motion: Projectile motion refers to the motion of an object under the influence of gravity, where the only force acting on the object is the gravitational force. Projectile motion can be described using kinematic equations and graphical methods.

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एंजाइम अवरोधक और प्रकार लघु नोट्स 🔹एंजाइम अवरोधक क्या है? एंजाइम अवरोधक सब्सट्रेट पर एंजाइम की दर को कम करते हैं यह प्रभाव स्थायी या अस्थायी हो सकता है एंजाइम निषेध के प्रकार 1. प्रतिस्पर्धी निषेध 2. गैर-प्रतिस्पर्धी निषेध 3. एलोस्टेरिक निषेध I) प्रतिस्पर्धी निषेध अवरोधक एंजाइम की सक्रिय साइट से बंधते हैं और सब्सट्रेट के ब्लॉक बाइंडिंग अवरोधकों का आकार सब्सट्रेट अणु के समान होता है प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक निषेध आमतौर पर अस्थायी होता है निषेध का स्तर सब्सट्रेट के सापेक्ष सांद्रता पर निर्भर करता है II) गैर-प्रतिस्पर्धी निषेध अवरोधक सब्सट्रेट को सक्रिय साइट पर बाध्य करने से नहीं रोकता है सक्रिय साइट के अलावा किसी अन्य साइट के लिए अवरोधक बाध्यकारी अवरोधक के बंधन से एंजाइम की सक्रिय साइट में एक रूपात्मक परिवर्तन होता है ➖ इस परिवर्तन के परिणामस्वरूप, सक्रिय साइट और सब्सट्रेट अब विशिष्टता साझा नहीं करते हैं, जिसका अर्थ है कि सब्सट्रेट बाध्य नहीं हो सकता चूंकि अवरोधक सब्सट्रेट के साथ सीधे प्रतिस्पर्धा में नहीं है, सब्सट्रेट के स्तर में वृद्धि अवरोधक के प्रभाव को कम नहीं कर सकती है III) एलोस्टेरिक निषेध एलोस्टेरिक का अर्थ है अन्य साइट इन एंजाइमों में दो ग्राही स्थल होते हैं एक साइट अन्य एंजाइमों की तरह सब्सट्रेट में फिट बैठती है दूसरी साइट एक अवरोधक फिट बैठती है प्रतिक्रिया के अंतिम उत्पाद का संचय प्रतिक्रिया के चरण को बाधित करने में सक्षम है

🧬 क्रोमोसोमल संरचना 🧬 1. सेंट्रोमियर: एक कसना बिंदु जिसे सेंट्रोसोम के रूप में जाना जाता है, गुणसूत्र को दो हिस्सों या भुजाओं में विभाजित करता है। गुणसूत्र की छोटी भुजा को 'p' भुजा के रूप में जाना जाता है, जबकि लंबी भुजा को 'q' भुजा के रूप में जाना जाता है। 2. क्रोमैटिड: जब कोशिका विभाजन होता है, तो सेंट्रोमियर गुणसूत्र को दो हिस्सों में विभाजित करता है। जुड़े हुए गुणसूत्र के प्रत्येक आधे को क्रोमैटिड के रूप में जाना जाता है। 3. क्रोमैटिन: क्रोमैटिन डीएनए, आरएनए और प्रोटीन का एक जटिल मिश्रण है जो यूकेरियोटिक कोशिकाओं के नाभिक के अंदर एक गुणसूत्र बनाता है। 4. टेलोमेरे: यह गुणसूत्र का एक अंतिम भाग होता है जो गुणसूत्र खंड के संलयन को प्रतिबंधित करता है। 5. माध्यमिक संकुचन: वे एक गुणसूत्र के भीतर मौजूद होते हैं जिसमें न्यूक्लियोली को संगठित करने के लिए जीन शामिल होते हैं जिन्हें न्यूक्लियर ऑर्गनाइज़र कहा जाता है 6. क्रोमोमेरेस: वे क्रोमोनिमा पर उपलब्ध मोतियों में दिखाई देते हैं, और वे इसकी लंबाई के साथ पंक्ति-वार व्यवस्थित हो जाते हैं। 7. मैट्रिक्स: क्रोमोसोम में इसके चारों ओर पेलिकल नामक झिल्ली होती है। मैट्रिक्स एक पदार्थ है जो पेलिकल के भीतर जेली जैसा दिखता है, जिसमें गैर-आनुवंशिक सामग्री शामिल होती है। 8. क्रोमोनिमा: एक गुणसूत्र धागा जो प्रारंभिक प्रोफ़ेज़ में अपेक्षाकृत बिना कुंडलित होता है लेकिन मेटाफ़ेज़ पर एक सर्पिल रूप धारण करता है।

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गाउस का नियम (Gauss’s Theorem) इस नियमानुसार, किसी काल्पनिक बंद सतह (Imaginary Closed Surface) में कुल विद्युत फ्लक्स (Electric Flux) की मात्रा उस बंद सतह में स्थित सभी आवेशों (Charge) के बीज गणितीय योग के बराबर होती है। किसी बिंदु आवेश q के परित: सतह के अनुदेश विद्युत क्षेत्र (Electric Field) E के लंबवत घटक (Normal Component) का सरफेस समाकलन (Surface Integral) निम्न होता है – ∮ E.dS = q/ε0 इस सूत्र से यह ज्ञात होता है कि, सतह से उत्पन्न विद्युत क्षेत्र (Electric Field) के फ्लक्स का नेट मान (NET Value) q/ε0 होता है जहां q सतह के अंदर बंद आवेश है। यदि इस सतह के अंदर कोई आवेश नहीं है तब पृष्ठ से उत्सर्जित विद्युत क्षेत्र शून्य होगा अर्थात् (E=0) तब, ∮ E.dS =0 डिफरेंशियल फॉर्म में गाउस का नियम एक घनत्व डिस्ट्रीब्यूशन पर विचार करें, जिसमें आवेश घनत्व ρ है किसी बंद सतह द्वारा सम्मिलित किया गया आवेश, सतह द्वारा बंद आयतन के अनुदेश आवेश घनत्व के आयतन समाकलन (Volume Integral) द्वारा प्रदर्शित किया जाता है अर्थात इसका मान ∫ρdv होता है। तब गाउस के नियम ( Gauss Ka Niyam ) अनुसार, यह समीकरण गाउस के नियम की डिफरेंशियल समीकरण है इसका अर्थ है कि किसी बिंदु पर विद्युत क्षेत्र की डाइवर्जेन उस बिंदु पर आवेश के आयतन घनत्व का 1/ε0 होती है। यह विद्युत क्षेत्र के लिए मैक्सवेल की डाइवर्जेन समीकरण है। गाउस के नियम के अनुप्रयोग इस नियम के द्वारा निम्न को ज्ञात किया जा सकता है बिंदु आवेश के कारण विद्युत क्षेत्र (Field due to a point charge) आवेशित गोलियां खोल का विद्युत क्षेत्र (Charged Spherical shell) गोलियां खोल के बाहर विद्युत क्षेत्र (Electric Field outside the cell) गोलियां खोल के अंदर विद्युत क्षेत्र (Electric Field inside the cell) गोलिया समान आवेश वितरण (Spherical Symmetric Charge Distribution) बिंदु आवेश वितरण के बाहर (Outside the Charge Distribution) बिंदु आवेश वितरण की सतह पर (Point on the Surface of the Spherical Charge Distribution) बिंदु आवेश वितरण के अंदर (Point inside the Charge Distribution) अनंत लाइन चार्ज के कारण विद्युत क्षेत्र (Electric Field due to Infinite Line Charge) अनंत बेलनाकार सिमिट्रिकल आवेश के कारण विद्युत क्षेत्र (Electric Field due to Uniform Infinite Cylindrical Charge) आवेश की कुचालक अनंत लंबाई की समतल सीट के कारण विद्युत क्षेत्र (Electric Field due to an infinite Non Conducting Flat sheet of Charge) संकेंद्रित गोलाकार खोल के कारण विद्युत क्षेत्र (Electric Field due to Concentric Spherical Shells)