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Posts Archive
🔆Solar Orbiter
✅The European Space Agency has released the closest pictures ever taken of the Sun captured by the Solar Orbiter.
▪️What are Solar Flares?
✅It is a large explosion of magnetic energy in the Sun’s atmosphere which causes an intense burst of increased brightness.
✅Flares occur in active regions around sunspots.
✅During solar flares, the Sun releases bursts of energetic particles that enhance the solar wind that constantly emanates from the star into the surrounding space.
✅When these particles interact with Earth’s magnetosphere, they can cause magnetic storms that can disrupt telecommunication networks and power grids on the ground.
▪️What is Corona?
✅The solar corona is the outermost layer of the Sun’s atmosphere that extends millions of kilometres into outer space.
✅Its temperature is more than a million degrees Celsius, which is orders of magnitude hotter than the surface of the Sun, a ‘cool’ 5500 °C.
✅After many decades of studies, the physical mechanisms that heat the corona are still not fully understood, but identifying them is considered the ‘holy grail’ of solar physics.
▪️About Solar Orbiter Mission:
✅Solar Orbiter is a space mission of international collaboration between ESA (European Space Agency) and NASA.
✅The spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket in February 2020.
✅It was selected as the first medium-class mission of ESA’s Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 Programme.
✅This is the first mission that will provide images of the sun’s north and south poles using a suite of six instruments on board that will capture the spacecraft’s view.
✅ It is a seven-year mission and will come within 26 million miles of the sun.
✅ It will be able to brave the heat of the sun because it has a custom titanium heat shield coated in calcium phosphate so that it can endure temperatures up to 970 degrees Fahrenheit.
#revision_notes
#science_and_technology
#mains
#prelims
🔆Sabarimala temple case/ Indian Young Lawyers Association vs. the State of Kerala (2018):
( Freedom of Religion)
Supreme Court Allows Women Entry into Sabarimala Temple, which it termed as a violation of women’s right to practice religion.
▪️Issue/dispute at the core:
✅ Essential religious practice, Right to Freedom of Religion vs. constitutionally-guaranteed rights.
✅Constitutional and legislative provisions involved
✅Article 14,15, 21 &25, Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorization of Entry) Rules, 1965 (restricts the entry of women into the Sabarimala Temple)
▪️Judgment delivered:
✅SC stated that 'devotion cannot be subjected to gender discrimination'.
✅It overturned the 1951 judgment of Bombay High Court in the State of Bombay versus Narasu Appa Mali which held that personal law is not 'law' or 'law in force' under Article 13 and held that immunizing customs takes away the primacy of the constitution.
✅ It takes away the woman’s right against discrimination guaranteed under Article 15(1) of the Constitution and curtails the religious freedom assured by Article 25(1).
✅Preventing women’s entry in the temple with the irrational and obsolete notion of “purity” offends the equality clauses in the Constitution
✅SC held that prohibition founded on the notion that menstruating women are "polluted and impure" is a form of untouchability (Article 17) and the notions stigmatized women.
✅No customs can claim supremacy over the Constitution and its vision of ensuring the sanctity of dignity,
liberty, and equality and customs and personal law have a significant impact on the civil status of individuals.
#revision_notes
#mains
#prelims
#Judgment
🔆National Biotechnology Development Strategy (2021-2025)
Key points:
1. Biotechnology → as a key driver for a “Knowledge and Innovation Driven Bio-economy”
2. Vision: To harness the potential of biotechnology as a premier precision tool for national development and
well-being of society
3. Mission: To make India globally competitive in biotechnology research, innovation, translation, entrepreneurship and industrial growth and be a USD 150 billion Bioeconomy by 2025.
4. India is ranked amongst the top 12 biotech destinations in the world and ranks 3rd in Asia.
5. Current estimates value the industry at USD 63 billion in FY2019-20, which is expected to grow to USD 150 billion by FY25.
The biotech sector is primarily divided into five major segments:
1. bio-pharma,
2. bio-services,
3. bio-agri,
4. bio-industrial and
5. bio-informatics, which together contribute to the Bioeconomy.
Note: Biotechnology industry growth in India is primarily driven by vaccines and recombinant therapeutics at present.
#revision_notes
#science_and_technology
#prelims
🔆Major Pre-Independence Agrarian Revolts
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
🔆Chilika Lake
✅The Chilika lake in Odisha, Asia’s largest brackish water lake, was once part of the Bay of Bengal,a study by the marine archaeology department of the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa, has found.
▪️How it was formed?
✅The process of the formation of the Chilika might have begun in the later part of the Pleistocene epoch, around 20,000 years ago.
✅ India’s peninsular river Mahanadi carried a heavy load of silt and dumped part of it at its delta.
✅As the sediment-laden river met the Bay of Bengal, sand bars were formed near its mouth.
✅These created a backflow of the sea water into the sluggish fresh water at the estuary, resulting in the huge brackish water lake.
▪️Historical evidences:
✅Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemy (150 CE) described Palur as an important port of Kalinga and referred to it as ‘Paloura’ (located near Chilika).
✅ Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang (7th century CE) recorded ‘Che-li-ta-lo-Ching’ as a flourishing port.
✅This port was located at Chhatargarh on the banks of the Chilika.
✅ The Brahmanda Purana (10th century CE approximately) says the Chilika was an important centre of trade and commerce, with ships sailing to Java, Malaya and Ceylon.
✅The famous Sanskrit poet Kalidas called the king of Kalinga ‘Madhodhipati’ or ‘Lord of the Ocean’.
▪️About Chilika:
✅ Chilika is 64 kilometres long in the north-south direction and 13.5 km wide in the east-west direction.
✅The sea connected with the lake near Satapada through a shallow and narrow channel.
✅The connecting channel was obstructed by shoals, sand spits and sandbars, thus restricting the outflow of water and also checking the tidal flow into the lake.
✅Chilika is Asia's largest and world's second largest lagoon.
✅ It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian subcontinent and is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.
✅In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.
✅ Major attraction at Chilika is Irrawaddy dolphins which are often spotted off Satpada Island.
✅ The large Nalabana Island (Forest of Reeds) covering about 16 sq km in the lagoon area was declared a bird sanctuary in 1987.
✅ Kalijai Temple - Located on an island in the Chilika Lake.
#revision_notes
#environment
#mains
#prelims
🔆HARAPPAN SITE OF RAKHIGARHI
✅Why In News: The Centre is moving ahead with its plan to develop Rakhigarhi as a tourist hub and set up a museum.
▪️Background:
✅As per the Union Budget 2020-21 all five archaeological sites: Rakhigarhi, Hastinapur in Uttar Pradesh, Shivsagar in Assam, Dholavira in Gujarat and Adichanallur in Tamil Nadu – would be developed into iconic sites.
✅The move would help in better preservation of sites, unravel new historical findings and generate employment for the local youth.
✅However, the villagers would lose their land owing to which adequate and timely compensation is desired by them.
✅The ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) has been able to get under its control just 83.5 acres of the 350-hectare site that spans across 11 mounds.
▪️Indus Valley Civilisation
✅The History of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization, more precisely known as Harappan Civilization.
✅ It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, what today is Pakistan and Western India.
✅The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancien turban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China.
✅The ruins of buildings and other things like household articles, weapons of war, gold and silver ornaments, seals, toys, pottery wares, etc., show that some four to five thousand years ago a highly developed Civilization flourished in this region.
✅ By 1500 BC, the Harappan culture came to an end. Among various causes ascribed to the decay of Indus Valley Civilization are the recurrent floods and other natural causes like earthquakes, etc.
▪️Salient features:
✅Highly developed city life: many houses had wells and bathrooms as well as elaborate underground drainage system.
✅The Indus Civilization had a writing system, however it is not deciphered yet.
✅ The social conditions of the citizens were comparable to those in Sumeria and superior to the contemporary Babylonians and Egyptians.
▪️Rakhigarhi
✅ RakhiGarhi (Rakhi Shahpur + Rakhi Khas), is a village in Hisar District in the state of Haryana in India, situated 150 kilometers to the northwest of Delhi.
✅The Archaeological remains were first found in 1963 at Rakhigarhi however the first major excavation at Rakhigarhi was carried out for three winters in 1997-1999.
✅It is the site of a pre-Indus Valley Civilisation settlement going back to about 6500 BCE.
✅ Later, it was also part of the mature Indus Valley Civilisation, dating to 2600-1900 BCE.
✅ Among the findings, which indicate both early and mature Harappan phases, were a 4,600-year-old female skeleton, fortification and bricks.
✅The site is located some 27 km from the seasonal Ghaggar river
✅In May 2012, the Global Heritage Fund declared Rakhigarhi one of the 10 most endangered heritage sites in Asia.
#revision_notes
#art_and_culture
#history
#prelims
🔆World Endangered site
✅Why in NEWS: Venice has been on UNESCO's heritage list since 1987, but the UN body warned last month of the need for "more sustainable
tourism management", recommending that Venice be added to its endangered list.
▪️About
✅The List of World Heritage in Danger is compiled by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) through the World Heritage Committee according to Article 11.4 of the World Heritage Convention, which was established in 1972 to designate and manage World Heritage Sites.
✅ The list is intended to increase international awareness of the threats and to encourage counteractive measures.
✅Threats to a site can be either proven imminent threats or potential dangers that could have adverse effects on a site.
✅ Armed conflict and war, earthquakes and other natural disasters, pollution, poaching, uncontrolled urbanization and
unchecked tourist development pose major problems to World Heritage sites.
✅Dangers can be ascertained‘, referring to specific and proven imminent threats, or potential‘, when a property is faced with threats which could have negative effects on its World Heritage values.
✅ Note: No Heritage Site in India is listed in the Endangered List.
✅52 properties in 26 countries which the World Heritage Committee has decided to include on the List of World Heritage in danger are as follows:
✅Afghanistan
1.Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley (2003)
2.Minaret & Archaeological Remains of Jam (2002)
✅Austria
1.Historic Centre of Vienna (2017)
✅Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
1.City of Potosí (2014)
✅Central African Republic
1.Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park (1997)
✅Côte d'Ivoire
1.Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (1992)
✅Democratic Republic of the Congo
1.Garamba National Park (1996)
2.Kahuzi-Biega National Park (1997)
3.Okapi Wildlife Reserve (1997)
4.Virunga National Park (1994)
✅Egypt
1.Abu Mena (2001)
✅Guinea
1.Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (1992)
✅Honduras
1.Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve (2011)
✅Indonesia
1.Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (2011)
✅Iraq
1.Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat) (2003)
2.Hatra (2015)
3.Samarra Archaeological City (2007)
✅Jerusalem (Site proposed by Jordan)
1.Old City of Jerusalem & its Walls (1982)
✅Kenya
1.Lake Turkana National Parks (2018)
✅Libya
1.Archaeological Site of Cyrene (2016)
2.Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna (2016)
3.Archaeological Site of Sabratha (2016)
4.Old Town of Ghadamès (2016)
5.Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus (2016)
✅Madagascar
1.Rainforests of the Atsinanana (2010)
✅Mali
1.Old Towns of Djenné (2016)
2.Timbuktu (2012)
3.Tomb of Askia (2012)
✅Mexico
1.Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California (2019)
✅Micronesia (Federated States of)
1.Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia
(2016)
✅Niger
1.Air & Tenere Natural Reserves (1992)
✅Palestine
1.Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town (2017)
2.Palestine: Land of Olive & Vines - Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir (2014)
✅Panama
1.Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama:
Portobelo-San Lorenzo (2012)
✅Peru
1.Chan Chan Archaeological Zone (1986)
✅Romania
1.Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (2021)
✅Senegal
1.Niokolo-Koba National Park (2007)
✅Serbia
1.Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (2006)
✅Solomon Islands
1.East Rennell (2013)
✅Syrian Arab Republic
1.Ancient City of Aleppo (2013)
2.Ancient City of Bosra (2013)
3.Ancient City of Damascus (2013)
4.Ancient Villages of Northern Syria (2013)
5.Crac des Chevaliers & Qal‘at Salah El-Din (2013)
6.Site of Palmyra (2013)
✅Uganda
1.Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi (2010)
✅United Republic of Tanzania
1.Selous Game Reserve (2014)
✅United States of America
1.Everglades National Park (2010)
✅Uzbekistan
1.Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz (2016)
✅Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
1.Coro and its Port (2005)
✅Yemen
1 Historic Town of Zabid (2000)
2 Old City of Sana'a (2015)
3 Old Walled City of Shibam (2015)
#art_and_culture
#mains
#prelims
🔆National Disaster Management Authority
✅Why in NEWS: The Supreme Court of India pulled up the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), for failing in its duty to recommend ex gratia to the families of those who lost their loved ones due to COVID-19.
▪️Background
✅The NDMA is the apex body for disaster management in the country.
✅ It works under the administrative control of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.
✅The Government of India, recognising the importance of disaster management as a national priority, had set up a High Powered Committee in 1999 and a National Committee in 2001 after the Gujarat earthquake, to make recommendations on the preparation of disaster management plans and suggest effective mitigation mechanisms.
✅After the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, the Government of India took a defining step in the legislative history of the country by enacting the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
✅The Act provided for the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to disaster management in the country.
✅The NDMA consists of a chairperson (Prime Minister) and other members, not exceeding nine.
▪️Aims and Objectives
✅To promote a culture of prevention, preparedness and resilience at all levels through knowledge, innovation and education.
✅To encourage mitigation measures based on technology, traditional wisdom and environmental sustainability.
✅ To approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan.
✅ To mainstream disaster management into the developmental planning process.
✅To establish institutional and techno-legal frameworks to create an enabling regulatory environment and a compliance regime.
✅ To ensure an efficient mechanism for identification, assessment and monitoring of disaster risks.
✅To lay down policies on disaster management.
✅To develop contemporary forecasting and early warning systems backed by responsive and failsafe communication with information technology support.
✅ To ensure efficient response and relief with a caring approach towards the needs of the vulnerable sections of the society.
✅ To undertake reconstruction as an opportunity to build disaster resilient structures and habitat for ensuring safer living.
✅ To promote a productive and proactive partnership with the media for disaster management.
#Governance
#gs2
#prelims
🔆DRDO develops Advanced Chaff Technology for Indian Air Force
✅Why in NEWS: Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed an Advanced Chaff Technology to safeguard fighter aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF) against hostile radar threats.
▪️What is Advanced Chaff Technology?
✅Chaff is an electronic countermeasure technology. It is used by militaries worldwide to protect their assets like naval vessels and aircraft from radar and radio frequency(RF) guiding mechanisms of the enemy missile.
✅A very little quantity of chaff material deployed in the air acts as a decoy.
✅The chaff deployed in the air reflects multiple targets for the missile guidance systems, thus misleading the enemy radars or deflecting adversary missiles.
✅Who has developed this technology: The advanced chaff technology has been developed by DRDO units Defence Laboratory Jodhpur and High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL).
▪️Difference between Chaff and Flares:
✅Chaff and Flares are both used as defensive countermeasures to confuse the radar from detecting a vessel or deflect the missiles from the target.
✅But there is a major difference between the two. While flares, when fired, generate a strong infrared source to attract heat-seeking missiles, chaff is used to misguide radar-tracking weapons.
✅Chaff is composed of many small aluminium or zinc coated fibres. It will be stored on-board the aircraft as cartridges.
#science_and_technology
#prelims
PIB
╔══════════════════════╗
🎯 Daily Current Affairs 24-08-2021
╚══════════════════════╝
Q.1. In which state 150 years old wooden bridge "Gartang Gali" has been reopened?
Ans. Uttarakhand
Q.2. Between which two cities in Uttar Pradesh will a 594 km long expressway be built?
Ans. Prayagraj to Meerut
Q.3. With which telecom company USOF and which telecom company signed an agreement to provide high speed internet service in the northeastern states of India?
Ans. BSNL
Q.4. India and which country have signed an agreement to buy AK-103 rifles?
Ans. Russia
Q.5. When is the "International Day for the Slave Trade and Its Abolition" observed?
Ans. August 23
Q.6. In how many years, the Government of India has constituted a committee to double the handloom production?
Ans. 3 years
Q.7. Shri La Ganesan has been appointed as the Governor of which state?
Ans. Manipur
Q.8. In which state NTPC LTD has started the country's largest floating solar PV project?
Ans. Andhra Pradesh
Q.9. Which state's former CM and Governor Kalyan Singh has passed away at the age of 89?
Ans. Uttar Pradesh
Q.10. India's highest herbal park has been inaugurated in Mana village of Chamoli district of which state of India?
Ans. Uttarakhand
Consider the following economic activities:
1) Landless agricultural labourers
2) Small and marginal farmers
3) Construction workers
4) Street vendors
5) Garment weavers
Which of the above activities is/are seen as a component of the unorganized sector?
♻️ Bamboo Oasis on Lands in Drought (BOLD)
✅ Project BOLD launched.
✅ It is a KVIC project launched with the objectives of reducing desertification and providing livelihood and multi-disciplinary rural industry support.
✅ It has been launched in the tribal village Nichla Mandwa in Udaipur, Rajasthan.
✅ 5000 saplings of special bamboo species – Bambusa Tulda and Bambusa Polymorpha specially brought from Assam – have been planted over 25 bighas (16 acres approx.) of vacant arid Gram Panchayat land.
✅ Project BOLD seeks to create bamboo-based green patches in arid and semi-arid land zones.
✅ KVIC is set to replicate the Project at Village Dholera in Ahmedabad district in Gujarat and Leh-Ladakh region by August this year.
#GS3 #Project #Pre
◆ The penetration and proliferation of broadband is also expected to increase direct and indirect employment and income generation.
◆ The States where the PPP Model is envisaged will facilitate free Right of Way.
◆ The Private Sector Partner is also expected to bring an equity investment and raise resources towards capital expenditure and for operation and maintenance of the network.
✅ Advantages offered by the BharatNet PPP Model:
◆ Use of innovative technology by the Private Sector Provider for the consumers
◆ High quality of service and service level to consumers
◆ Faster deployment of network and quick connectivity to consumers
◆ Competitive tariffs for services
◆ Variety of services on high-speed broadband including Over the top (OTT) services and multi-media services as part of packages offered to consumers
◆ Access to all online services. (2/2)
#GS3 #Tech #Project
♻️ BharatNet Project
✅ Revised implementation strategy of BharatNet Project.
✅ The Cabinet accorded approval for the revised implementation strategy of BharatNet through Public Private Partnership mode in 16 States of the country.
✅ The program will be extended to all inhabited villages beyond Gram Panchayats (GPs).
✅ The revised strategy also includes the creation, upgradation, operation, maintenance and utilization of BharatNet by the concessionaire who will be selected by a competitive international bidding process.
✅ For the other states/UTs of the country, the Cabinet has given in-principle approval for covering all inhabited villages. The modalities for the same will be worked out separately by the Dept of Telecommunications.
✅ Benefits:
◆ Proliferation of broadband in rural areas will bridge the rural-urban divide of digital access and accelerate the achievement of Digital India.... (1/2)
♻️ Directorate General of GST Intelligence (DGGI)
✅ DGGI is a law enforcement agency under the Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs (CBIC), Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance responsible for fighting tax evasion in India.
✅ DGGI is entrusted with the task of collection, collation and dissemination of intelligence relating to evasion of Goods and Services Tax (GST) (introduced w.e.f. 01.07.2017) and duties of Central Excise and Service Tax on an all India basis.
✅ It develops intelligence, especially in new areas of tax evasion through its intelligence network across the country and disseminates such information, by issuing Modus Operandi Circulars and Alert Circulars to sensitize the field formations about the latest trends in duty evasion.
✅ Wherever found necessary, this Directorate General, on its own or in co-ordination with field formations, organizes operations to unearth evasion of GST, Central Excise Duty and Service Tax.
✅ It was founded in 1979 as the Directorate General of Anti-Evasion and was later renamed the Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence.
✅ It was renamed DGGI after GST was introduced in India.
✅ It is a part of NATGRID.
#GS3 #Authority #Pre #Mains
✍ Important Indian Polity & Constitution One-Liners
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
➥ In judicial activism, judicial power is exercised by judges in favour of progressive social policies calling for social engineering, by departing from the principle of strict adherence to a judicial precedent. It is meant to protect or expand individual rights and therefore, also referred as the process of lawmaking by judges.
➥ H.N. Kunzru opined that ‘the emergency financial provisions pose a serious threat to the financial autonomy of the States.’ He was serving in various legislative bodies at the provincial and central level for nearly four decades.
➥ There are only two qualifications for the appointment of a person as a Governor- 1. He should be a citizen of India. 2. He should have completed the age of 35 years.
➥ Article 164 of the Constitution of India states that the council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the legislative assembly of the state. This provision in the Indian Constitution is the foundation of the parliamentary system of government in the state.
➥ The state legislative council can only discuss the budget but cannot vote on the demands for grants. Voting on demand for grants is the exclusive privilege of the assembly.
➥ Andaman & Nicobar Islands of India come under the territorial jurisdiction of Calcutta High Court. Chandigarh Comes under the jurisdiction of Punjab & Haryana High Court. Delhi has its own High Court.
➥ The governor of a state is empowered to organise and re-organise the autonomous districts. He can also increase or decrease the areas of autonomous districts or change their names or define their boundaries and so on.
➥ NGT is a specialised body set up under the National Green Tribunal Act of the year 2010. It was set up for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.
➥ The Article 280 of the Constitution of India provides for a Finance Commission as a quasi judicial body. The Constitution empowers the Parliament of India to determine the qualifications of members of the commission and the manner in which they should be selected.
➥ The Finance Commission makes recommendation about the distribution of the net proceeds of taxes to be shared between the Centre and the states, and the allocation between the states of the respective shares of such proceeds.
➥ The Election Commission of India performs the function of notifying the dates and schedules of elections and it also scrutinises the nomination papers.
➥ Goswami committee was appointed in the year 1990. The committee recommended for a time limit for bye elections. It also recommended for a check on advertisements on new papers and strengthening of the Election Commission of India.
Central Information Commission (CIC):
✅Establishment: The CIC was established by the Central Government in 2005, under the provisions of the Right to Information Act (2005). It is not a constitutional body.
✅Members: It consists of a Chief Information Commissioner and not more than ten Information Commissioners.
✅Appointment: They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister as Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister.
✅Jurisdiction: The jurisdiction of the Commission extends over all Central Public Authorities.
✅Tenure: The Chief Information Commissioner and an Information Commissioner shall hold office for such term as prescribed by the Central Government or until they attain the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
✅They are not eligible for reappointment.
Power and Functions of CIC:
✅To receive and inquire into a complaint from any person regarding information requested under RTI, 2005.
✅It can order an inquiry into any matter if there are reasonable grounds (suo-moto power).
✅While inquiring, the Commission has the powers of a civil court in respect of summoning, requiring documents etc.
♻️ NIPUN Bharat Programme
✅ NIPUN Bharat Programme launched by the Education Minister.
✅ About NIPUN Bharat Programme:
◆ NIPUN is an acronym for National Initiative for Proficiency In Reading With Understanding and Numeracy
◆ Vision of the Mission – To create an enabling environment to ensure universal acquisition of foundational literacy and numeracy, so that by 2026-27 every child achieves the desired learning competencies in reading, writing and numeracy at the end of Grade III and not later than Grade V.
✅ The mission will focus on:
◆ Providing access and retaining children in foundational years of schooling;
✅ Teacher capacity building;
◆ Development of high quality and diversified Student and Teacher Resources/Learning Materials; and
◆ Tracking the progress of each child in achieving learning outcomes.
✅ It has been launched under the aegis of the centrally sponsored Samagra Shiksha Scheme.
✅ NIPUN Bharat aims to cover the learning needs of children in the age group of 3 to 9 years.
✅ The program envisages making the experience of learning at the foundational stage Holistic, Integrated, Inclusive, Enjoyable, and Engaging.
✅ The goals of the Mission are set in the form of Lakshya Soochi or Targets for Foundational Literacy and Numeracy.
✅ Lakshyas have been developed from Balvatika to Grade 3.
✅ The Laskhyas are based on the learning outcomes developed by the NCERT and international research and ORF studies.
#GS2 #Programme #Mains #prelims
♻️ Saral Sanchar Portal
✅ Department of Telecommunications (DoT) expanded the Saral Sanchar Portal.
✅ ‘SARAL SANCHAR’ (Simplified Application For Registration and Licenses) is a web-based portal for Issuing various types of licenses and registration certificates.
✅ It is a part of the various digital initiatives being undertaken by the Dept of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications, GOI.
✅ The portal ensures transparency and more efficiency in the process of issuance of licenses and registration certificates.
✅ Applicants can apply by filling up the prescribed application form online and uploading the documents and application form with digital signature.
✅ The portal envisages that applicants get prompts and alerts at various stages of application submission so that all necessary requirements are complied with before submitting the application.
✅ On this portal, application for Access Services, Internet Services and other licenses are being received.
✅ The following types of licenses/authorizations shall be issued from this portal:
◆ Unified License
◆ Unified License-Virtual Network Operator
◆ WPC Licenses (Wireless Planning and Coordination)
✅ Latest initiative launched on Saral Sanchar Portal:
◆ The Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing (WPC) of the DoT launched an initiative to facilitate online licensing for use of Spectrum to conduct experiments, demonstrations, etc.
◆ The scope of the portal has been expanded for the receipt, processing and grant of licenses for spectrum to conduct experiment, demonstration,2 testing, manufacturing, etc.
◆ With this addition, nearly all the permissions required from the WPC Wing, which include permissions for equipment type approval, satellite licenses, amateur licenses, allocations by Standing Committee of Radio Frequency Allocation, etc. have become online.
#GS2 #Governance #Pre #Mains
♻️ Saral Sanchar Portal
✅ Department of Telecommunications (DoT) expanded the Saral Sanchar Portal.
✅ ‘SARAL SANCHAR’ (Simplified Application For Registration and Licenses) is a web-based portal for Issuing various types of licenses and registration certificates.
✅ It is a part of the various digital initiatives being undertaken by the Dept of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications, GOI.
✅ The portal ensures transparency and more efficiency in the process of issuance of licenses and registration certificates.
✅ Applicants can apply by filling up the prescribed application form online and uploading the documents and application form with digital signature.
✅ The portal envisages that applicants get prompts and alerts at various stages of application submission so that all necessary requirements are complied with before submitting the application.
✅ On this portal, application for Access Services, Internet Services and other licenses are being received.
✅ The following types of licenses/authorizations shall be issued from this portal:
◆ Unified License
◆ Unified License-Virtual Network Operator
◆ WPC Licenses (Wireless Planning and Coordination)
✅ Latest initiative launched on Saral Sanchar Portal:
◆ The Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing (WPC) of the DoT launched an initiative to facilitate online licensing for use of Spectrum to conduct experiments, demonstrations, etc.
◆ The scope of the portal has been expanded for the receipt, processing and grant of licenses for spectrum to conduct experiment, demonstration,2 testing, manufacturing, etc.
◆ With this addition, nearly all the permissions required from the WPC Wing, which include permissions for equipment type approval, satellite licenses, amateur licenses, allocations by Standing Committee of Radio
#GS2 #Governance #Pre #Mains
✴️️ World's grasslands and their nature🔰
️Savanna – Savanna grasslands are mainly found in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania). Its maximum expansion is found in Africa itself. Apart from this, they are also found in the Orinco Basin of Colombia and Venezuela and in the southern parts of India along with Brazil, Belize, Honduras. A savanna is a tropical grassland found between tropical rain forests and desert biomes. In this type of grassland, in addition to grass, sometimes shrubs and some trees are also found.
️Pampas - The Pampas grassland is found in the South America's Argentina and Uruguay from the Atlantic Ocean to the Andes Mountains. These grasslands spread over 7-8 lakh square kilometer are very fertile.
◾️Grasslands Expansion Area
Savannah - East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania), Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil
Pampas - Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil
Steppes - West Russia, Central Asia (Eurasia)
Campas - Brazilian High Land
Lanoz - Venezuela
Selvas - Amazon Basin
Cerrado - Brazil
Sahel - from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Sea in Africa
Weld - South Africa
Canterbury - New Zealand
Downs - Australia
Prairie - North America
Pustaj - Hungary
Patna - Sri Lanka
Porkland - Australia
Compose - Brazil
◾️Tropical grasslands
Savannah
campus
selvas
lanoz
parkland
◾️Temperate grasslands
prairie
pampas
steppes
bounce
weld
🛑 LATEST HELICOPTER AND AIRCRAFT WITH COUNTRIES
🟢 FIGHTER AIRCRAFT 🟢
♦️ Rafale : France
♦️ Mirage 2000 : France
♦️ Tejas : India
♦️ Sukhoi Su-30 : Russia
♦️ Sukhoi 30Mk : Russia
♦️ MiG 29 : Russia
♦️ MIG 21 : Russia
♦️ Jaguar : France & UK
🟢 HELICOPTERS 🟢
♦️ Apache AH-64E : USA
♦️ MH-60 Romeo : USA
♦️ Chinook : USA
♦️ Dhruv : India
♦️ Rudra : India
♦️ Cheetah : France
♦️ Chetak : France
♦️ Kamov : Russia
🏢 Important Points to Remember about Constituent Assembly of India
🇮🇳The idea for a Constituent Assembly for drafting a constitution for India was first provided by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1895. In 1934, the demand for a constituent assembly was raised for the first time, which later became an Official Demand in 1935. This demand was accepted in August 1940 offer by the British.
🇮🇳The constituent assembly was formed on the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission which visited India in 1946
🇮🇳The first meeting of Constituent Assembly was held on December 9, 1946— its temporary president was Dr Sacchidanand Sinha
🇮🇳The second meeting was held on December 11, 1946. Its president was Dr Rajendra Prasad.
🇮🇳The Objectives Resolution was passed under the chairmanship of J.L. Nehru.on 13 December 1946.
🇮🇳The Draft of Indian Constitution was presented in October 1947. President of the Drafting Committee was Bhim Rao Ambedkar
🇮🇳The total time consumed to prepare the draft was 2 years, 11 months, 18 days.
🇮🇳The Constituent Assembly was the First Parliament of Independent India.
🇮🇳The Indian Constitution was enacted on November 26, 1949, and put into force on January 26, 1950.
🇮🇳On that day, the Constituent Assembly ceased to exist, transforming itself into the Provisional Parliament of India until a new Parliament was constituted in 1952
🇮🇳Functions performed by Constituent Assembly
Enacting of ordinary laws
Adopted national flag- 22-07-1947
Adopted national anthem- 24-01-1950
Adopted national song- 24-01-1950
Elected Dr Rajendra Prasad first President of India: 26-01-1950
Facts about the constituent assembly
Had 11 sessions over 2 years, 11 months and 18 days
Constitution makers visited 60 countries.
Total expenditure - Rs 64 lakh
Major Committees
Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee - Sardar Patel
Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights and Minorities - Sardar Patel
This committee had Two sub-committees:
(a) Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee - J.B. Kripalani
(b) Minorities Sub-Committee - H.C. Mukherjee
Rules of Procedure Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) - Jawaharlal Nehru
Steering Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
🔆IndiGau
Why in News: Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Science & Technology released “IndiGau’, India’s first Cattle Genomic Chip.
▪️About IndiGau:
✅It is India’s first Cattle Genomic Chip for the conservation of pure varieties of indigenous cattle breeds like Gir, Kankrej, Sahiwal, Ongole etc.
✅This indigenous chip was developed by the concerted efforts of scientists of National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NAIB), Hyderabad, an autonomous institution under the aegis of the Department of Biotechnology.
✅IndiGau is purely indigenous and the largest cattle chip of the world.
✅It has 11,496 markers (SNPs) more than that placed on 777K Illumina chip of US & UK breeds.
✅This CHIP of our own indigenous cows is a great example of self-reliant India / “ATMA NIRBHAR BHARAT”. This chip will have practical utility in the Governments schemes to achieve the goal of conservation of our own breeds with better characters and help towards doubling of farmers’ income by 2022.
#science_and_technology
#mains
#prelims
PIB
🔆DRAFT ELECTRICITY RULES, 2021
✅why in News: The Ministry of Power has circulated the “Draft Electricity (promoting renewable energy through Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2021”.
✅These rules are proposed for purchase and consumption of green energy including the energy from Waste-to-Energy plants.
✅The draft rules have the following subheads within which details are provided: Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO); Green energy open access; Nodal Agencies; Procedure for grant of green energy open access; banking; and cross subsidy surcharge.
✅The Tariff for the Green Energy shall be determined by the Appropriate Commission, which may comprise of the average pooled power purchase cost of the renewable energy, cross-subsidy charges (if any) and service charges covering all prudent cost of the distribution licensee for providing the green energy.”
✅The draft rules state “Green hydrogen” is the hydrogen produced using electricity from the renewable sources. The obligated entity including the Industries can also meet their Renewable Purchase Obligation by purchasing green hydrogen.
✅The quantum of green hydrogen would be computed by considering the equivalence to the Green hydrogen produced from one MWh of electricity from the renewable sources or its multiple. The norms shall be notified by the Central Commission.
✅The Appropriate Commission shall put in place regulations in accordance with this Rule to provide Green Energy Open Access to consumers who are willing to consume the Green energy. All applications for open access of Green Energy shall be granted within a maximum of 15 days.
#economy
source: PIB
🛑 LATEST HELICOPTER AND AIRCRAFT WITH COUNTRIES
🟢 FIGHTER AIRCRAFT 🟢
♦️ Rafale : France
♦️ Mirage 2000 : France
♦️ Tejas : India
♦️ Sukhoi Su-30 : Russia
♦️ Sukhoi 30Mk : Russia
♦️ MiG 29 : Russia
♦️ MIG 21 : Russia
♦️ Jaguar : France & UK
🟢 HELICOPTERS 🟢
♦️ Apache AH-64E : USA
♦️ MH-60 Romeo : USA
♦️ Chinook : USA
♦️ Dhruv : India
♦️ Rudra : India
♦️ Cheetah : France
♦️ Chetak : France
♦️ Kamov : Russia
🔶Credit : Kumar Kaushal🔶
🏢 Important Points to Remember about Constituent Assembly of India
🇮🇳The idea for a Constituent Assembly for drafting a constitution for India was first provided by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1895. In 1934, the demand for a constituent assembly was raised for the first time, which later became an Official Demand in 1935. This demand was accepted in August 1940 offer by the British.
🇮🇳The constituent assembly was formed on the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission which visited India in 1946
🇮🇳The first meeting of Constituent Assembly was held on December 9, 1946— its temporary president was Dr Sacchidanand Sinha
🇮🇳The second meeting was held on December 11, 1946. Its president was Dr Rajendra Prasad.
🇮🇳The Objectives Resolution was passed under the chairmanship of J.L. Nehru.on 13 December 1946.
🇮🇳The Draft of Indian Constitution was presented in October 1947. President of the Drafting Committee was Bhim Rao Ambedkar
🇮🇳The total time consumed to prepare the draft was 2 years, 11 months, 18 days.
🇮🇳The Constituent Assembly was the First Parliament of Independent India.
🇮🇳The Indian Constitution was enacted on November 26, 1949, and put into force on January 26, 1950.
🇮🇳On that day, the Constituent Assembly ceased to exist, transforming itself into the Provisional Parliament of India until a new Parliament was constituted in 1952
🇮🇳Functions performed by Constituent Assembly
Enacting of ordinary laws
Adopted national flag- 22-07-1947
Adopted national anthem- 24-01-1950
Adopted national song- 24-01-1950
Elected Dr Rajendra Prasad first President of India: 26-01-1950
Facts about the constituent assembly
Had 11 sessions over 2 years, 11 months and 18 days
Constitution makers visited 60 countries.
Total expenditure - Rs 64 lakh
Major Committees
Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee - Sardar Patel
Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights and Minorities - Sardar Patel
This committee had Two sub-committees:
(a) Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee - J.B. Kripalani
(b) Minorities Sub-Committee - H.C. Mukherjee
Rules of Procedure Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) - Jawaharlal Nehru
Steering Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
✴️️ World's grasslands and their nature🔰
️Savanna – Savanna grasslands are mainly found in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania). Its maximum expansion is found in Africa itself. Apart from this, they are also found in the Orinco Basin of Colombia and Venezuela and in the southern parts of India along with Brazil, Belize, Honduras. A savanna is a tropical grassland found between tropical rain forests and desert biomes. In this type of grassland, in addition to grass, sometimes shrubs and some trees are also found.
️Pampas - The Pampas grassland is found in the South America's Argentina and Uruguay from the Atlantic Ocean to the Andes Mountains. These grasslands spread over 7-8 lakh square kilometer are very fertile.
◾️Grasslands Expansion Area
Savannah - East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania), Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil
Pampas - Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil
Steppes - West Russia, Central Asia (Eurasia)
Campas - Brazilian High Land
Lanoz - Venezuela
Selvas - Amazon Basin
Cerrado - Brazil
Sahel - from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Sea in Africa
Weld - South Africa
Canterbury - New Zealand
Downs - Australia
Prairie - North America
Pustaj - Hungary
Patna - Sri Lanka
Porkland - Australia
Compose - Brazil
◾️Tropical grasslands
Savannah
campus
selvas
lanoz
parkland
◾️Temperate grasslands
prairie
pampas
steppes
bounce
weld
✅Archaeological findings at important centers
==============================
▶️Harappa (Pakistan): Two rows of six granaries, Graveyard, Mother Goddess, stone symbol of a lingam, Con burial
▶️Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan): Great Granary, Great bath, Pashupati seal, Statue of a dancing girl, Painted seal
▶️Kalibangan (Rajasthan): Evidence of earthquake, wooden plough, decorated bricks, Camel’s bone
▶️Lothal (Gujarat): Evidence of Rice, Ivory weight balance, dockyard
▶️Ropar (Punjab): Dog buried with humans
▶️Rakhigarhi (Haryana): Couple’s grave’
▶️Banawali (Haryana): Toy plough
▶️Mehrgarh (Pakistan): Evidence of the first phase of human life
🔰BRANCHES OF SCIENCE🔰
➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖
1) Study of Heavenly bodies is called?
➡️ Astronomy
2) Study of bacteria and the diseases caused by them is called?
➡️ Bacteriology
3) The science dealing with the origin and development of mankind is called?
➡️ Anthropology
4) Study of cells is called?
➡️ Cytology
5) The science dealing with the functions and the diseases of heart is called?
➡️ Cardiology
6) Study of skin is called?
➡️ Dermatology
7) Study of Blood Vascular System is called?
➡️ Angiology
8) Study of Fungi and fungus diseases is called
➡️ Mycology
9) Study of Tumours is called?
➡️ Oncology
10) Study of Liver and its diseases is called?
➡️ Hepatology
11) Study of Secret writing is called?
➡️ Cryptography
12) Study of the Nervous system, its functions and its disorders is called?
➡️ Neurology
13)Branch of Biology dealing with the phenomena of Heredity is called?
➡️ Genetics
14) Study of causes of Diseases is called?
➡️ Etiology
15) Study of Ears and their diseases is called?
➡️ Otology
16) Study of Condition and Structure of Earth is called?
➡️ Geology
17) Study of Kidneys and its function is called?
➡️ Nephrology
18) Study of Coins and Medals is called?
➡️ Numismatics
19) Study of Birds is called?
➡️ Ornithology
20) Study of Fossils is called?
➡️ Palaeontology
21) Study of Bones is called?
➡️ Osteology
22) Study of Soils is called?
➡️ Pedology
23)Branch of science dealing with Urinary system is called?
➡️ Urology
24) Study of Viruses is called?
➡️ Virology
25) Study of resistance of body against infection (immunity) is called?
➡️ Immunology
26) Study of Muscles is called?
➡️ Myology
27) Study of development of Embryos is called?
➡️ Embryology
28) Study of Insects is called?
➡️ Entomology
29) Study of Female Reproductive System is called?
➡️ Gynaecology
30) Study of production of Three Dimensional Image using Laser is called?
➡️ Holography
31) Study of Snakes is called?
➡️ Serpentology
32) Study of Earthquakes is called?
➡️ Seismology
33)Production of Raw Silk by rearing of Silk Worms is called?
➡️ Sericulture
34) Study of Algae is called?
➡️ Phycology
35) Study of Fossils is called?
➡️ Palaeontology
36) Study of diseases, symptoms, cause and remedy is called?
➡️ Pathology
37) Study of Serum is called?
➡️ Serology
38)The Breeding, Rearing, and Transplantation of Fish is called?
➡️ Pisciculture
39) Study of Eyes and its diseases is called?
➡️ Opthamology
40) Study of Dreams is called?
➡️ Oneirology
🔸 National Game of Different Countries 🔸
==============================
🤼♀️Japan➖Judo
🏏England➖Cricket
🤼♂️Spain➖Bull Fighting
🤽🏼Sri Lanka➖Volley Ball
🏸Indonesia➖Badminton
🏓China➖Table Tennis
🏹Bhutan➖Archery
🤾🏼♀️USA➖Baseball
🏌🏻♀️Canada➖Ice Hockey
⛸Bangladesh➖Kabaddi
🏌🏻♀️Pakistan➖Hockey
🏈Scotland➖Rugby Football
⚽️Germany➖Football
🏄🏽♀️Argentina➖Pato
🏀New Zealand➖Rugby Union
🔰 Current Affairs - 16 & 17 August 2021 🔰
==============================
1. Kaziranga becomes India’s first national park with satellite phones
Kaziranga National Park in Assam has become the first national park in India to be equipped with satellite phones. Assam Chief Secretary Jishnu Barua handed over 10 satellite phones to the forest personnel of the Kaziranga National Park. The satellite phones will boost the anti-poaching measures in the park. BSNL will be the service provider of these phones.
2. India’s first Drone Forensic Lab comes up in Kerala
India’s first Drone Forensic Lab and Research Center has come up in Kerala. The Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan was inaugurating the State police department’s ‘Drone Forensic Laboratory’ at the Kerala State Police CyberDome. Cyberdome is a technological research and development centre of the Kerala Police Department.
3. India’s first Cattle Genomic Chip “IndiGau” released by Jitendra Singh
Dr Jitendra Singh has released India’s first cattle genomic chip ‘IndiGau’ for the conservation of pure varieties of indigenous cattle breeds like, Gir, Kankrej, Sahiwal, Ongole etc. The chip has been developed by scientists of National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, an autonomous institution under the aegis of the Department of Biotechnology.
4. Ministry of Social Justice launches an e-study platform “TAPAS”
Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment has launched an online portal named TAPAS (Training for Augmenting Productivity and Services) to provide filmed lectures/courses and e-study material in the field of social defence. TAPAS is the initiative of the National Institute of Social Defence, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The course can be taken up by anyone and is free of cost.
5. Indian Bank signs MoU with Paralympic Committee
Public sector Indian Bank has signed an MoU with the Paralympic Committee of India as one of the banking partners of the Paralympic Games scheduled to commence from August 24 in Tokyo, Japan.
6. Indian Navy, IDFC FIRST bank bring ‘Honour FIRST’ banking solutions
The Indian Navy has inked a Memorandum of Understanding with the Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC) First Bank to initiate ‘Honour FIRST’. ‘Honour FIRST’ is a premium banking solution for serving personnel and veterans of the Indian Navy.
7. PM Modi sets India’s target to become ‘energy independent’ by 2047
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has set the target of becoming an ‘energy independent country by the year 2047, the year when India will celebrate the 100th year of Independence. For this, PM has announced a ‘Mission Circular Economy’ that will replace petroleum with other forms of energy to make India achieve self-reliance in energy production by 2047.
8. WHO forms Advisory Group named “SAGO”
World Health Organization (WHO) has created a new advisory group named, The International Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens, or SAGO. The function of SAGO will be to systematically study the emergence of future emerging pathogens with pandemic potential, and advise the development in this regard to WHO.
9. Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs launches brand and logo for urban SHG products ‘SonChiraiya’
Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs has launched ‘SonChiraiya’, a brand and logo for marketing of the urban Self-Help Group (SHG) products. To make urban SHG products popular, the ministry has signed MoUs with e-Commerce Portals like Amazon and Flipkart, with an underlying narrative of women empowerment.
10. Former India defender Chinmoy Chatterjee passes away
Eminent India-international footballer Chinmoy Chatterjee, who played for the three Maidan heavyweights in his prime in the 1970-80s, has passed away. He was a member of the Indian team at the 1978 Bangkok Asian Games where they finished fourth in the quarterfinal league.
♦️ FESTIVALS of India ♦️
🔷 Mandu Festival
💢 Madhya Pradesh
🔷 Belum Caves Festival
💢 Andhra Pradesh
🔷 Ritualistic Festival , Lai Haraoba
💢 Tripura
🔷 Buxa Bird Festival
💢 West Bengal
🔷 Kite Festival
💢 Ahmedabad
🔷 Zo Kutpui Festival
💢 Mizoram
🔷 Dhanu Jatra Festival
💢 Odisha
🔷 Madhavpur Mela
💢 Gujarat
🔷 Chariot festival
💢 Tamil Nadu
🔷 National Youth Festival
💢 Lucknow UP
🔷 Karavali Utsav
💢 Mangaluru Karnataka
🔷 Magh Bihu
💢 Assam
🔷 Pongal Festival [ Jallikattu ]
💢 Madurai Tamil Nadu
🔷Chapchar Kut Festival
💢 Mizoram
🔷 Innovation Festival
💢 Arunachal Pradesh
🔷 Nagoba jatra
💢 Telangana
🔷Surajkund Craft Mela
💢 Haryana
🔷 Narmada Mahotsav
💢 Madhya Pradesh
🔷 Kala Ghoda Art Festival
💢 Mumbai MH
🔷 Hornbill Festival
💢 Tripura
🔷Seed sowing festival ‘Lui-Ngai-Ni’
💢Manipur
🔷 Losar Festival
💢 Himachal Pradesh
🔷 Nimad Chilli Festival
💢 Madhya Pradesh
🔷 Rangotsav
💢 Barsana Mathura
🔷 National Organic Food Festival
💢 New Delhi
🔷 Kobita Utsav
💢 West Bengal
🔷Ganga Kayak Festival
💢 Uttarakhand
🔷Namaste Orchha festival
💢 Madhya Pradesh
🔷 Global Ayurveda Festival
💢 Kochi Kerala
🔷 Fagli festival
💢 Himachal Pradesh
🔷 Hola Mohalla festival
💢 Punjab
🔷 Phool Dei festival
💢Uttarakhand
#Festivals
🔳 Important Gk one Liners Questions
Q. 1 Where is the “Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden” located?
Ans. Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir)
Q. 2 When is “World Environment Day” celebrated every year?
Ans. on June 5
Q. 3 What is the full form of PSLV?
Ans. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
Q. 4 Which is the tallest tree in the world?
Ans. redwood
Q.5 Which film got the Oscar Award in “Best Film”?
Ans. parasite
Q.6 What was the term of “First Five Year Plan”?
Ans. 1951 to 1956
Q.7 When did Demonetization happen in India?
Ans. 2016
Q.8 Which vitamin helps in "clotting of blood"?
Ans. Vitamin K
Q.9 What happened in the Lahore session of Congress, 1929?
Ans. Purna Swaraj was demanded
Q.10 Who is the author of the book “The White Tiger”?
Ans. Arvind Adiga
Q.11 Where is the “World Health Organization” located?
Ans. Geneva (Switzerland)
Q.12 What is the old name of BRAC?
Ans. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Q. 13 Which IT company has stopped producing computers?
Ans. IBM
Q.14 Due to which phenomenon the sand in the desert looks like water?
Ans. Marichika
Q.15 Which one of the following sites is not included in the UNESCO World Heritage List?
Ans. Konark Temple, Agra Fort, Hawa Mahal, Elephanta Caves
Q. 16 For what age children is free education compulsory?
Ans. 6 to 14 years
Q. Which country was ranked first in T20 cricket as of 17 December 2020?
Ans. England
Q.18 What is the full form of “FORTRAN”?
Ans. Formula translation
Q. 19 In which session of Congress was the "National Anthem" sung for the first time?
Ans. Kolkata
Q. 20 “F7 key” is used in MS Word –
Ans. To check for spelling and grammar errors
Q.21 A question was asked from the tomb built by Shahjahan's daughter
Q.22 What type of farming is “Coffee and Tea”?
Ans. cash crop
Q.23 Which disease is caused by the bite of "Aedes mosquito"?
Ans. Dengue
Q.24 Which organization regulates “Insurance” in India?
Ans. IRDA
Q.25 “Bhatiali Folkgeet” is related to which state?
Ans. West Bengal
Q.26 The chemical symbol of magnesium is –
Ans. Mg
Q.27 When is “Goa Liberation Day” celebrated?
Ans. 19 December (1961)
Q.28 Who established the “Hyderabad city”?
Ans. Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah
🟢 IMPORTANT DAYS & THEME
💎APRIL 2021💎
🔷 01 April = Utkal Diwas
🔶 85th Foundation Day Of Odisha
🔷 01 April = 86th formation year of RBI 2021
🔷 02 April = World Autism Awareness Day
🔶 Theme 2021: “Inclusion in the Workplace: Challenges and opportunities in a Post-Pandemic World”
🔷 02 April = International Children’s Book Day
🔶 Theme 2021: “The Music of Words.”
💠 United States is the sponsor for International Children’s Book Day 2021
🔷 04 April = International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action
🔶 Theme 2021: “Perseverance, Partnership, and Progress”
🔷 05 April = National Maritime Day
🔶 The 2021 marks 58th edition of the annual celebrations
🔷 05 April = International Day of Conscience
🔶Theme 2021 : Let Conscience Light up our World
🔷 06 April = International Day of Sport for Development and Peace
🔷 07 April = World Health Day
🔶Theme 2021 : “Building a fairer, healthier world for everyone”.
🔷 09 April = CRPF Valour Day
🔶 2021 marks 56th CRPF Valour Day
🔷 10 April = World Homeopathy Day
🔶 The year 2021 marks the 266th birthday of Hanhemann
🔷 11 April = National Safe Motherhood Day
🔶 The day also marks the birth anniversary of Kasturba Gandhi
🔷 11 April = World Parkinson’s Day
🔷 12 April = International Day of Human Space Flight
🔶 Mark the anniversary of the first human space flight by Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961
💠 50th anniversary of the flight
🔷 13 April = International Turban Day
🔶 The 2021 Turban Day marks the 552nd birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev and the festival of Baisakhi
🔷 13 April = marks the 102nd anniversary of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
🔷 13 April = Siachen Day
🔶 37th Siachen day 2021
🔷 14 April = Ambedkar Jayanti
🔶 In 2021, we are marking the 130th birth anniversary of Babasaheb
🔷 14 April = World Chagas Disease Day
🔷 15 April = World Art Day
🔷 15 April = Himachal Day
🔷 16 April = World Voice Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ONE WORLD|MANY VOICES
🔷 16 April : Save the Elephant Day
🔷 17 April = World Hemophilia Day
🔶Theme 2021 : “Adapting to Change: Sustaining care in a new world”
🔷 18 April = International Day For Monuments and Sites
🔶Theme 2021 : Complex Pasts: Diverse Futures
🔷 19 April = World Liver Day
🔷 20 April = UN Chinese Language Day
🔷 21 April = World Creativity and Innovation Day
🔷 15-21 April = World Creativity and Innovation Week
🔷 21 April = National Civil Service Day 2020
🔷 22 April = International Mother Earth Day (Earth Day)
🔶 Theme 2021 : Restore Our Earth
🔷 22 April = International Girls in ICT Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : Connected Girls, Creating Brighter Futures
🔷 23 April = World Book Day also known as World Book and Copyright Day
🔶 World Book Capital for 2021 is Tbilisi, Georgia
🔷 23 April = UN English Language Day
🔷 23 April = UN Spanish Language Day
🔷 24 April = National Panchayati Raj Day
🔷 24 April = World Veterinary Day (Fourth Saturday of April every year)
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Veterinarian response to the COVID-19 crisis.’
🔷 24 April = World Day for Laboratory Animals
🔷 24 April = International Day of Multilateralism and Diplomacy for Peace
🔷 25 April = World Malaria Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Reaching the zero malaria target’
🔷 25 April = International Delegate’s Day
🔷 25 April = World Penguin Day
🔷 26 April = World Intellectual Property Day
🔶Theme 2021 : ‘Intellectual property and small businesses: Taking big ideas to market’
🔷 26 April = International Chernobyl Disaster Remembrance Day
🔷 28 April = World Day For Safety And Health At Work
🔷 28 April = Workers’ Memorial Day
🔶 Theme 2021: ‘Health and Safety is a fundamental workers‘ right.’
🔷 29 April = International Dance Day
🔶 Theme 2021: ‘Purpose of dance’.
🔷 30 April = Ayushman Bharat Diwas
🔷 30 April = International Jazz Day
🔷 24-30 April = World Immunization Week (last week of April)
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Vaccines bring us closer’,
🟢 IMPORTANT DAYS & THEME
💎 MAY 2021 💎
🔷 01 May : International Labour Day
🔷 01 May : Maharashtra & Gujarat Day
🔷 02 May : World Tuna Day
🔷 02 May : International Astronomy Day
🔷 02 May : World Laughter Day (First Sunday of May )
🔷 02 May : International Dawn Chorus Day (First Sunday of May)
🔷 03 May : World Press Freedom Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Information as a Public Good”
🔷 04 May : International Firefighters Day
🔷 04 May : Coal Miners Day
🔷 04 May : World Asthma Day (First Tuesday of May)
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Uncovering Asthma Misconceptions“
🔷 05 May : International Day of Midwives
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Follow the Data: Invest in Midwives.”
🔷 5 May : World Hand Hygiene Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Seconds Save Lives: Clean Your Hands’
🔷 06 May : International No Diet Day
🔷 07 May : Border Roads Organisation (BRO) Raising Day
🔶 61st Raising Day 2021
🔷 08 May : World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Unstoppable’
🔷 08 May : World Thalassemia Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Addressing Health Inequalities Across the Global Thalassaemia Community”
🔷 08 May : World Migratory Bird Day (2nd Saturday of May)
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Sing, Fly, Soar – Like a Bird!”
🔷 10 May : International Day of Argania
🔷 11 May : National Technology Day
🔷 12 May : International Nurses Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Nurses: A Voice to Lead – A vision for future healthcare’
🔶 Marks birth anniversary of Florence Nightingale
🔷 15 May : International Day of Families
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Families and New Technologies”
🔷 14 May : National Endangered Species Day (Third Friday of May)
🔷 16 May : International Day of Living Together in Peace
🔷 16 May : International Day of Light
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Trust Science”
🔷 16 May : National Dengue Day
🔷 17 May : World Telecommunication and Information Society Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Accelerating Digital Transformation in challenging times”
🔷 17 May : World Hypertension Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : Measure Your Blood Pressure Accurately, Control It, Live Longer
🔷 17-23 May : UN Global Road Safety Week
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Streets for Life #Love30”
🔷 18 May : International Museum Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “The Future of Museums: Recover and Reimagine”
🔷 18 May : World’s AIDS Vaccine Day
🔷 20 May : World Bee Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Bee engaged: Build Back Better for Bees”
🔷 20 May : World Metrology Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : Measurement for Health
🔷 21 May : National Anti Terrorism Day
🔶 Death anniversary of Rajiv Gandhi
🔷 21 May : International Tea Day
🔷 21 May : World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
🔷 22 May : International Day for Biological Diversity
🔶 Theme 2021 : “We’re part of the solution”
🔷 23 May : International Day to End Obstetric Fistula
🔶 Theme 2021: “Women’s rights are human rights! End fistula now!”
🔷 23 May : World Turtle Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Turtles Rock!”
🔷 25 May : International Missing Children’s Day
🔷 25 May : World Thyroid Day
🔷 25-31 May : International Week of Solidarity with the Peoples of Non-Self-Governing Territories
🔷 28 May : World Menstrual Hygiene Day
🔷 28 May : World Hunger Day
🔷 28 May : International Day of Action for Women’s Health (International Women’s Health Day)
🔷 28 May : Amnesty International Day
🔷 29 may : International Everest Day
🔷 29 May : World Digestive Health Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Obesity: An Ongoing Pandemic.”
🔷 29 May : International Day of UN Peacekeepers
🔶 Theme 2021 : “The road to a lasting peace: Leveraging the power of youth for peace and security.”
🔷 30 May : World Vape Day
🔷 31 May : World No-Tobacco Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘‘Commit to quit.’’
🟢 IMPORTANT DAYS & THEME
💎JUNE 2021💎
🔷 1 June : World Milk Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ’Sustainability in the Dairy Sector’
🔷 1 June : Global Day of Parents
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Appreciate all parents throughout the world’
🔷 2 June : International Sex Workers’ Day
🔷 2 June : Telangana Formation Day
🔷 3 June : World Bicycle Day
🔷 4 June : International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression
🔷 5 June : World Environment Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Ecosystem Restoration”
💠 The host country for 2021 World Environment Day is Pakistan
🔷 5 June : International Day for the Fight against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing
🔷 6 June : Russian Language Day
🔷 6 June : World Pest Day
🔷 7 June : World Food Safety Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Safe food today for a healthy tomorrow’
🔷 8 June : World Oceans Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘The Ocean: Life & Livelihoods'
🔷 8 June : World Brain Tumor Day
🔷 9 June : World Accreditation Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Accreditation: Supporting the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). ”
🔷 12 June : World Day Against Child Labour
🔶 Theme 2021 : Act now: End child labour!.
🔷 13 June : International Albinism Awareness Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Strength Beyond All Odds”
🔷 14 June : World Blood Donor Day
🔶 Slogan 2021 :Give blood and keep the world beating
💠 Host country for 2021 is Rome, Italy
🔷 15 June : World Wind Day
🔷 15 June : World Elder Abuse Awareness Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Access to Justice”.
🔷 16 June : International Day Of Family Remittances
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Recovery and resilience through digital and financial inclusion.’
🔷 17 June : World day to combat desertification and drought
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Restoration. Land. Recovery. We build back better with healthy land”
🔷 18 June : Autistic Pride Day
🔷 18 June : Sustainable Gastronomy Day
🔷 18 June : 20th Manipur Celebrated Uprising Day
🔷 19 June : World Sickle Cell Day
🔷 19 June : International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict
🔷 19 June : 26th National Reading Day 2021
💠 The Day is celebrated to honour the father of the ‘Library Movement in Kerala’, P.N. Panicker,
🔷 20 June : World Refugee Day
🔶Theme 2021 : Together we heal, learn and shine
🔷 21 June : World Hydrography Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “One hundred years of international cooperation in hydrography ”
🔷 21 June : 7th edition International Yoga Day 2021
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Yoga for well-being’
🔷 21 June : World Music Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Music at the intersections”
🔷 23 June : United Nations Public Service Day
🔷 23 June : International Widows Day
🔷 23 June : International Olympic Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Stay healthy, stay strong, stay active with the #OlympicDay workout on 23 June.”
🔷 24 June : Passport Seva Divas
🔷 25 June : Day of the Seafarer
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Seafarers: at the core of shipping’s future”
🔷 25 June : World Vitiligo Day
🔷 26 June : International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Share Facts On Drugs, Save Lives”
🔷 26 June : International Day In Support Of Victims Of Torture
🔷 27 June : Micro-Small and Medium – Sized Enterprises (MSME) Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “MSME 2021: key to an inclusive and sustainable recovery.”
🔷 28 June : National Insurance Awareness Day
🔷 29 June : National Statistics Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture (Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-2) of the UN)
💠 Birth anniversary of Father of Indian Statistics P C Mahalanobis
🔷 29 June : International Day of the Tropics
🔷 30 June : International Asteroid Day
🔷 30 June : International Day of Parliamentarism
🟢 IMPORTANT DAYS & THEME
💎JULY 2021💎
🔷 01 July : SBI Foundation Day
🔶 SBI Celebrates 66th Foundation Day 2021
🔷 01 July : National Doctors Day
🔶 Birth anniversary of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy
🔷 01 July : National Chartered Accountants Day
🔷 01 July : National Postal Worker Day
🔷 01 July : Goods and Service Tax (GST) Day
🔶 GST 4th anniversary 2021
🔷 02 July : World Sports Journalists Day
🔷 02 July : World UFO Day
🔷 03 July : International Plastic Bag Free Day
🔷 03 July : International Day of Cooperatives (1st Saturday of July)
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Rebuild Better Together”
🔷 06 July : World Zoonoses Day
🔷 07 July : World Chocolate Day
🔷 10 July : National Fish Farmers Day
🔶 2021 will mark 21st National Fish Farmers’ Day
🔷 11 July : World Population Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on fertility’
🔷 12 July : Malala Day
🔷 15 July : World Youth Skills Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Reimagining Youth Skills Post-Pandemic”
🔷 17 July : Day of International Criminal Justice
🔷 17 July : World Emoji Day
🔷 18 July : Nelson Mandela International Day
🔷 20 July : World Chess Day
🔷 20 July : Science Exploration Day (also called Moon Day)
🔷 22 July : World Brain Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Stop Multiple Sclerosis”
🔷 22 July : National Mango Day
🔷 22 July : World Fragile X Awareness Day
🔷 23 July : National Broadcasting Day
🔷 24 July : Aaykar Diwas (Income Tax Day)
🔶 161st Income Tax Day 2021
🔷 25 July : World Drowning Prevention Day
🔷 26 July : Kargil Vijay Diwas
🔶 22nd Anniversary 2021
🔷 26 July : International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystems (or World Mangrove Day)
🔷 27 July : Raising Day of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
🔶 83rd Raising Day 2021
🔷 28 July : World Hepatitis Day
🔶 Theme 2021 : ‘Hepatitis Can’t Wait’
🔷 28 July : World Nature Conservation Day
🔷 29 July : International Tiger Day
🔶 Slogan / Theme 2021 : “Their Survival is in Our Hands”
🔷 30 July : World Day Against Trafficking in Persons
🔶 Theme 2021 : “Victims’ Voices Lead the Way”
🔷 31 July : World Ranger Day
📘Scientific Names
▪Mango - Mangifera indica
▪ Apple - Pyrus malus
▪ Pomegranate - Punica granatum
▪ Pineapple - Ananus sativus
▪ Orange - Citrus aurantium
▪ Strawberry - Fragaria ananassa
▪ Sweet Potato - Ipomoea batatas
▪ Watermelon - Citrullus vulgaris
▪ Muskmelon - Cucumis melo
▪ Banana - Musa paradisicum
▪ Guava - Psidium guava
▪Potato - Solanum tubersum
▪ Tomato - Lycopersican esculentum
▪ Onion - Allium cepa
▪ Radish - Raphanus sativus
▪ Carrot - Daucas carota
▪ Brinjal - Solanum melongena
▪ Capsicum - Capsicum Fruits scence
▪ Cucumber - Cucumis sativas
▪ Ginger - Zingiber officinale
▪ Turmeric - Curcuma longa
▪ Garlic - Allium Sativum
▪ Clove - Syzygium aromaticum
▪ Black Pepper - Piper nigrum
▪ Coriander - Coriandrum sativum
▪ Lemon - Citrus Limonium
▪ Pea - Pisum sativam