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📚📚"Long" vowel i
Notes
"Long" i sounds like the "ee" in the English word "see".
When used word initially it is represented by zer under alif followed by small yai. When medial it is represented by the medial shape of small yai and a zer under the preceding consonant. When final it is represented by the final shape of small yai.
If you use ArabTeX, you'll see that it will put an extra zer under the consonant preceding a final long i, this however is unnecessary, you shouldn't follow this practice.
Examples
Initial:
اِی+ن+ٹ= اِینٹ
Medial:
تِ+ی+رَ+ا = تِیسَرا
Final:
سَ+ب+زِ+ی= سَبزِی
📚📚"Long" vowel a
Notes
"Long" a sounds like the "a" in the German word "bahn".
When used word initially it is represented by alif madda, which is an alif with a tilde like sign above it. When not used word initially an alif without extra signs is used to represent this sound.
If you use ArabTeX, you'll see that it will put an extra zabar on the letter preceding the alif when encoding a long medial or final a, this however is unnecessary, you shouldn't follow this practice.
Examples
Initial:
آ+ج= آج
Medial:
دَ+ا +ل= دَال
Final:
وَ+ف+ا= وَفا
"Short" vowel u
Notes
"Short" u sounds like the "oo" in the English word "book".
It is indicated by the diacritic superscript mark pesh ( ُ )۔It is normally written above the consonant bearing the sound, however when appearing word initially, pesh should be written above an alif.
Examples
Initial:
اُ+ل+فَ+ت= اُلفت
Medial:
سُ+ل+طَ+ا+ن= سُلطان
📚📚"Short" vowel i
Notes
"Short" i sounds like the "i" in the English word "it".
It is indicated by the diacritic subscript mark zer (ِ ) The shape of zer is a bit like the French "accent aigue". It is normally written under the consonant bearing the sound, however when appearing word initially, zer should be written below alif. The same mark is also used to indicate izafat, have a look at the special signs page for more concerning this.
Examples
Initial:
اِ+د+ھ+ر=اِدھر
Medial:
دِ+ن= دن
📚📚Preliminary notes
The opposition "long" and "short" vowels is very much disputed as far as modern Indo-Aryan languages are concerned because between both varities there is a difference in quality and in quantity. I have therefore put the terms between quotes to indicate that they are somewhat spurious.
"Short" vowel a
Notes
"Short" a sounds like the "a" in the English word "majority".
It is indicated by the diacritic superscript mark zabar۔ ( َ ). The shape of zabar.... It is normally written above the consonant bearing the sound, however when appearing word initially, zabar should be carried by an alif.
Examples
Initial:
اَ+ن+دَ+ر =اَندر
Medial:
سَ+ر=سَر
📚📚Vowels. Urdu has three short vowel sounds and seven long vowel sounds. In writing, short vowelsare represented by special symbols above or below the word. These symbols are known as 'diacritics'.
